熱(re)門關鍵詞：
來源：行業動態 閱讀：109344 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)不同(tong)，所生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不同(tong)。上引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝(yi)得當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)(xia)，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是(shi)在保護條件下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高達700ppm以上，一般(ban)情況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也叫光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅桿是電纜行業的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要原料，生產(chan)的(de)方式主(zhu)(zhu)要有兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)(fa)和(he)上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)生產(chan)方法(fa)(fa)較多，其特點是金(jin)屬在豎爐(lu)中融化后，銅液通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)模腔內(nei)，采(cai)用較大的(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強(qiang)度進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)坯(pi)，然后進(jin)(jin)行多道次軋(ya)(ya)制，生產(chan)的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎(sui)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿國內(nei)基本全(quan)部采(cai)用上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生產(chan)，金(jin)屬在感應電爐(lu)中融化后通(tong)過(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)行上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)后進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工(gong)，生產(chan)的(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)不同，所(suo)以在組織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)形(xing)式及(ji)分布等諸多方面有較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性能(neng)跟很多(duo)因素有關，如(ru)雜質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)布(bu)、工藝控制(zhi)等(deng)。下面分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾個方面對(dui)銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性能(neng)進行分(fen)析。
1、熔(rong)化方式對(dui)S等(deng)雜(za)質的(de)影響
連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是通過氣體的燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒的過程中，通過氧(yang)(yang)化和揮(hui)發作用，可一(yi)定程度減少部分雜質進入(ru)(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法對(dui)原料要(yao)求(qiu)相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于(yu)是用感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中。其中熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的S對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷線率(lv)。
2、鑄造(zao)過程中雜(za)質的進入
在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)需通過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運(yun)銅液，相對(dui)容易(yi)造成(cheng)耐火材料的(de)剝(bo)落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需要通過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫落，會給銅桿造成(cheng)外部夾(jia)雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮上和皮下氧化物的(de)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會給低氧桿的(de)拉絲造成(cheng)不利的(de)影響。上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)流程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內潛流式完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐火材料的(de)沖(chong)擊(ji)不大(da)，結晶是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行(xing)，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污染源較(jiao)少，雜質進(jin)入(ru)的(de)機會較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的(de)(de)元素(su)。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)中，氧(yang)可以(yi)溶(rong)解一(yi)部分(fen)，但(dan)當銅(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)中。熔態(tai)時(shi)所(suo)溶(rong)解的(de)(de)氧(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析(xi)出，分(fen)布在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的(de)(de)出現，顯(xian)著降低(di)了銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。
硫可以溶解(jie)在(zai)熔(rong)體的(de)銅(tong)中，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶解(jie)度(du)幾乎降低(di)到零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅(tong)的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶粒(li)晶界處(chu)，會顯著降低(di)銅(tong)的(de)塑性。
3、氧在低氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿中(zhong)分布形式(shi)及其影響
氧含(han)量(liang)對低氧銅桿的(de)(de)拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。當氧含(han)量(liang)增(zeng)加到最(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)低。這是因為氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)過程中都起到了(le)清除器的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧還有利于去除銅液中的(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)形(xing)成。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧含(han)量(liang)為拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)工藝提供了(le)最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)條件。
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱(re)(re)速率(lv)和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻會引起(qi)銅桿(gan)內部結(jie)構(gou)本(ben)質上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)加工(gong)，柱狀晶(jing)通常(chang)會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅顆粒(li)(li)(li)細微化和均(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)聚集(ji)而產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯(xian)示(shi)出(chu)較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線特(te)性，較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)(li)(li)容易造成(cheng)應(ying)力集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂(lie)。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變脆(cui)(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉(la)伸式樣(yang)端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色，結晶(jing)組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)變差，表現(xian)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)及(ji)(ji)拉(la)伸過程(cheng)中(zhong)斷桿及(ji)(ji)斷線率(lv)極具增高。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以(yi)網狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相硬(ying)度高，在(zai)冷變形(xing)時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)下(xia)降，在(zai)后續(xu)加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂(lie)現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量高還能(neng)(neng)(neng)導致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必(bi)須嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)藝及(ji)(ji)產(chan)品質量。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上(shang)引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制較低，氧(yang)化物的(de)副作用唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的(de)影響(xiang)成為(wei)較顯著的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存在(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松(song)(song)(song)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)過程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從過飽(bao)和的(de)溶液中析出(chu)并聚集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)而生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由(you)于(yu)上引鑄造的(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)液自上而下的(de)結(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似錐型(xing)。銅(tong)(tong)液結(jie)晶前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上浮過程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固(gu)組織(zhi)內，結(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿(gan)內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)(song)(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)量多(duo)時(shi)，則聚集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松(song)(song)(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。
氫來源于上(shang)引(yin)生產過(guo)程中的(de)各個工藝環節，如(ru)原料電解銅的(de)“銅綠(lv)(lv)”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石墨(mo)結(jie)晶器未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔化爐(lu)中的(de)銅液(ye)表面應覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)，電解銅應盡量去除“銅綠(lv)(lv)”、“銅豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅桿質(zhi)量非常(chang)重要。
在連鑄連軋(ya)工(gong)藝中，往往采用(yong)適度控(kong)制氧含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氧和氫所產生的水(shui)蒸氣很容易上浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氫大部分能被有效去除(chu)，因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生產電磁線等產品的(de)過程中，對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)質量(liang)也需(xu)提(ti)出要求。需(xu)要拉制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)粉少、無油(you)污。并(bing)通過扭轉(zhuan)試驗測量(liang)表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)粉的(de)質量(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復(fu)原情況來判定其好(hao)壞。
在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)過程中，從鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表(biao)面形成較(jiao)厚的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程中，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)(ya)輥的轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)線表(biao)面。由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是(shi)高熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)較(jiao)深的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀的聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)外表(biao)面產生毛刺，給后續的涂漆造(zao)成麻煩。
而(er)上(shang)引連鑄工藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)，由于鑄造和冷卻完全與氧(yang)(yang)隔(ge)絕，后(hou)續(xu)亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿(gan)表面(mian)無(wu)軋入表面(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉(la)制后(hou)銅粉少，上(shang)述問(wen)題較(jiao)少存在。
無氧銅(tong)桿也分進口(kou)設(she)備做的(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)備做的(de)(de),但目前進口(kou)產(chan)品已(yi)無明顯優勢(shi)，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品出來后區(qu)別不是(shi)很大,只(zhi)要(yao)銅(tong)板(ban)選的(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制(zhi)比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)備也能產(chan)出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)設(she)備一(yi)般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設(she)備,國產(chan)設(she)備最(zui)好的(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海的(de)(de)海軍(jun)廠(chang)的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍(jun)工(gong)企業，質量可靠。
低氧(yang)銅桿進口設(she)備國(guo)(guo)際主(zhu)要有兩(liang)種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)(guo)南線設(she)備,英文(wen)是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)南京(jing)華新(xin),江西(xi)銅業,另一種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)常州金源(yuan),天津大無縫。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia),但目前有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)(neng)做到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子一(yi)般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在250個(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種產(chan)品相(xiang)對而言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對漆包線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)(neng)更適應些,如柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對拉絲(si)條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對要苛刻(ke)些,同樣拉伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲(si),如果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可(ke)拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但如果放在好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不定就能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉到雙零(ling)五,而普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而已(yi),當(dang)然做的(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)如雙零(ling)二卻非(fei)得依靠進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)了(le).目前有企業(ye)嘗試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是很(hen)清(qing)楚。
音響線一般(ban)反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan),這(zhe)和無氧桿(gan)是(shi)單(dan)晶(jing)銅(tong),低(di)氧桿(gan)是(shi)多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。
氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由于制造方法(fa)的(de)不同，致使存在差別(bie)，具有各自的(de)特點。
一、關于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)存在狀態
生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在10—50ppm，在常(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶(rong)度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當(dang)時(shi)間后，被還原而(er)脫(tuo)去，通常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最(zui)低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在于晶粒邊界附(fu)近，這(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很(hen)少(shao)見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜(za)形式在晶界出現對(dui)(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性產(chan)生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是(shi)(shi)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織(zhi)對(dui)(dui)韌(ren)性有利(li)。在無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱軋組織(zhi)和鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)的區別(bie)
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由(you)于經過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以(yi)其組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)熱(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)(shi)已(yi)有(you)再結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)形式出現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)(shi)為什么(me)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)退火(huo)溫度的(de)固有(you)原因。這是(shi)(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近(jin)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸甚(shen)至能(neng)達幾個毫(hao)米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少(shao)，即使(shi)通過拉制(zhi)變形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以(yi)需要較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)退火(huo)功率。對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)退火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)經拉制(zhi)，但尚未鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)線時(shi)(shi)的(de)第一(yi)次(ci)退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功率應比同樣情況的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經繼(ji)續拉制(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階段的(de)退火(huo)功率應留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別執(zhi)行不同的(de)退火(huo)工藝，以(yi)保(bao)證在(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線的(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波(bo)動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別(bie)
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)所有線徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比(bi)都是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上(shang)述組織(zhi)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱(re)軋可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產過程中如果工藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物能(neng)在(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)續清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但比(bi)較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物存在(zai)于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對拉(la)線斷線影響更直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線，超(chao)微細(xi)線時(shi)，為了減(jian)少斷線，有時(shi)要對銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物。
四、低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的韌性(xing)有差(cha)別(bie)
兩者(zhe)都可(ke)以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線中的(de)低(di)溫級無氧(yang)銅，其細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只有0.001mm.
五、從制桿的原材料到制線(xian)的經濟性有差(cha)別。
制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)要求質量較高的原材(cai)料。一(yi)般，拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅線時，低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)顯得(de)更為(wei)優(you)越(yue)的是拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅線。
六、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)制線(xian)工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)有所不同。
低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)不能照搬(ban)到無(wu)氧銅桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)退火工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)不同的(de)。因為線(xian)(xian)的(de)柔(rou)軟(ruan)性深(shen)受材(cai)料成份(fen)和制桿，制線(xian)(xian)和退火工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)影響，不能簡單地說低(di)氧銅或無(wu)氧銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。
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