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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)用于傳輸(shu)和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于城(cheng)市地下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引(yin)出(chu)線路(lu)(lu)、工(gong)礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江海(hai)水下(xia)(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的主(zhu)干線路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸(shu)和(he)分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品(pin)，包括1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的(de)使(shi)用至今(jin)已(yi)有百年

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今(jin)已有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發明家T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在(zai)銅棒上(shang)包繞(rao)黃麻并將(jiang)其穿入鐵(tie)管內，然(ran)后填(tian)充瀝青混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐約，開創了地(di)下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人卡倫(lun)(lun)德(de)發明瀝青浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯(ti)在(zai)倫(lun)(lun)敦與德(de)特福德(de)之間(jian)敷設了10千伏(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷設成(cheng)60千伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍希施(shi)泰(tai)特研制(zhi)成(cheng)分相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了絕緣表面的正切應力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)北(bei)部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了380千伏(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現(xian)了超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級可(ke)分為中(zhong)、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)伏及以下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)伏以上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以及特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及以上）。此(ci)外，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分為交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)纜和直流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。其應用(yong)歷史最長。它安全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽命長，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺點是敷設受(shou)落(luo)差限制。自從開(kai)發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后，解(jie)決(jue)了落(luo)差限制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜得(de)以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓塑(su)料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)料有聚氯(lv)乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯(lian)聚乙烯。塑(su)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造(zao)加工(gong)方(fang)便，重量輕(qing)，敷設安裝方(fang)便,不受敷設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有取(qu)代粘性浸(jin)漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最(zui)大缺(que)點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜(lan)　絕緣層(ceng)為橡(xiang)(xiang)膠加上各種配合劑(ji)，經過充分混(hun)煉后(hou)擠(ji)包在導電線芯上，經過加溫硫化而(er)成。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合于移(yi)動(dong)頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半(ban)徑(jing)小的場合。

常用作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有(you)天然(ran)膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級(ji)分

1、低壓電纜：適用(yong)于固(gu)定(ding)敷設在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電線路上作(zuo)輸送電能用(yong)。

2、中低(di)壓電(dian)纜：（一般指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及(ji)以(yi)上）：聚(ju)乙烯電纜和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超(chao)高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構(gou)：電力電纜的基(ji)本結(jie)構(gou)由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四(si)部分組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部(bu)分，用(yong)來輸送(song)電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線(xian)芯與大地以及(ji)不同相的線(xian)芯間(jian)在電氣(qi)上彼(bi)此隔離，保證電能(neng)輸送(song)，是電力電纜結(jie)構(gou)中不可缺(que)少(shao)的組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電力電纜一般都(dou)有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的(de)作用是保護電力電纜免受(shou)外界雜質和(he)水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外力直接(jie)損壞電力電纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占地少(shao)(shao)。一般埋設于土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)或(huo)敷(fu)設于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離(li)小，不用桿(gan)塔，占地少(shao)(shao)，基本(ben)不占地面上空間。

2可靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)(gao)。受氣(qi)候條件(jian)和周圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定(ding)，可靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容(rong)量發展的更為有利(li)的條件(jian)，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說(shuo)明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一(yi)個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料、內護層(ceng)材料和結構特點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外護層構成(cheng)，有二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝層，無(wu)外被層。第一位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示鎧裝，第二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結構的排列一(yi)般依次(ci)序(xu)為：絕緣材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內(nei)護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型號(hao)、額(e)定(ding)電壓和規格表(biao)示(shi)。其方法是在(zai)型號(hao)后再加上說明(ming)額(e)定(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型(xing)號詳(xiang)細(xi)說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內通信(xin)電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚烯烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實(shi)心皮聚烯烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁(lv)帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏(ping)蔽聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套      V——聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充(chong)G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙(shuang)層防(fang)腐鋼帶繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯被層(ceng)

43——單(dan)層(ceng)粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣安裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅(tong)(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙(yan)型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型