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來源：行業(ye)動(dong)態 閱讀：109454 發布時(shi)間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝不同(tong)，所生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就(jiu)不同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿，工藝得(de)當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)保護條件下的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內，但有時(shi)(shi)也高(gao)達700ppm以上(shang)，一般(ban)情況下，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，有時(shi)(shi)也叫光桿。
銅桿(gan)是電纜(lan)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)主要(yao)原料，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法和上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法較多，其特點是金(jin)屬在(zai)豎爐中(zhong)(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)，銅液通過保溫爐、溜(liu)槽(cao)、中(zhong)(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)模腔內，采(cai)用較大(da)的(de)(de)冷卻強度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)國內基本全部采(cai)用上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金(jin)屬在(zai)感應電爐中(zhong)(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷軋(ya)或冷加工(gong)(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量分布、雜(za)質的(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等(deng)諸多方(fang)面有(you)較大(da)差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的(de)拉(la)制性(xing)能跟(gen)很多因素(su)有關，如雜質的(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及(ji)分(fen)布、工(gong)藝控制等。下面(mian)(mian)分(fen)別從以上幾個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)對銅桿的(de)拉(la)制性(xing)能進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析。
1、熔化方式對S等雜質的(de)影響(xiang)
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主(zhu)要是(shi)通(tong)過氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，通(tong)過氧(yang)化(hua)和揮發作用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)減少部分雜(za)質進(jin)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)，因(yin)此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對原(yuan)料要求(qiu)相對低一(yi)些(xie)。上引連(lian)鑄生產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電爐熔化(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔入(ru)的(de)(de)S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑(su)性(xing)影響極大(da)，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過程中(zhong)雜質的進(jin)入
在生產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝需通過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅液，相(xiang)對容易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐(nai)火材料(liao)的剝落，在軋制過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要通過軋輥(gun)，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質的脫落，會(hui)(hui)給銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋中(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)上和(he)皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物(wu)的軋入，會(hui)(hui)給低氧(yang)桿的拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不利的影響。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄法生產(chan)(chan)工藝流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)短(duan)，銅液是(shi)通過聯體爐內(nei)潛(qian)流(liu)(liu)式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材料(liao)的沖擊不大，結晶是(shi)通過石墨模內(nei)進行，所以過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)生的污染源較(jiao)少，雜質進入的機會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的元素。在熔(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)解一(yi)部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔(rong)態時所溶(rong)解的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分布在晶粒(li)晶界處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體的出現(xian)，顯著降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性。
硫(liu)可以(yi)溶(rong)解在(zai)熔體(ti)的銅(tong)中，但(dan)在(zai)室溫(wen)下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降低到零，它以(yi)硫(liu)化亞(ya)銅(tong)的形(xing)式出現在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)的塑性。
3、氧在低氧銅桿和無(wu)氧銅桿中分布形式及(ji)其影響
氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)對(dui)低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)拉(la)線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)佳值(zhi)時(shi)，銅桿的(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)在與大部分雜質反應的(de)過程中都起(qi)到(dao)了(le)清除器的(de)作用。適(shi)度的(de)氧(yang)還有利于(yu)去除銅液中的(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉(la)線(xian)工藝提(ti)供了(le)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)條件(jian)。
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分布：在(zai)連續澆(jiao)鑄中凝固的(de)(de)(de)最初階(jie)段，散熱速率和均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)主要因(yin)素。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會引起銅(tong)桿內(nei)部(bu)結構本(ben)質上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶(jing)通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)顆粒(li)(li)(li)細微(wei)化(hua)和均(jun)勻(yun)分布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)聚(ju)集而產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)典型情況(kuang)是中心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)分布的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響外(wai)，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯(xian)示出較好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)(li)(li)容易(yi)造成應力集中點而斷裂。
無氧銅含(han)氧量(liang)超標，銅桿變(bian)脆(cui)(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣端口(kou)顯暗紅色，結晶組織疏松。當氧含(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能變(bian)差，表(biao)現(xian)為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸(shen)過(guo)程中(zhong)斷桿及斷線率(lv)極具(ju)增高。這是由于(yu)氧能與(yu)銅生成(cheng)(cheng)氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)銅-氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅共晶體，以(yi)網狀組織分布在境界上。這種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)相(xiang)硬度高，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時將會(hui)與(yu)銅機體脫(tuo)離，導致銅桿的機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續(xu)加工(gong)中(zhong)容(rong)易(yi)造成(cheng)(cheng)斷裂現(xian)象。氧含(han)量(liang)高還能導致無氧銅桿導電(dian)率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)及產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上(shang)引連鑄中，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的副作用唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的影(ying)響成(cheng)為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏松是(shi)在(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫從(cong)過飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出并聚集而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶前析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氫又可還(huan)原氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)而生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)引鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)自(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)而下的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)結(jie)晶前析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)浮過程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)晶時在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)(shang)(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氫存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏松是(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來(lai)源于(yu)上(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)的各個工藝(yi)環(huan)節(jie)，如原料電解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔(fu)料木炭**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未干燥等(deng)。因此，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的銅(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解銅(tong)應(ying)盡量(liang)去除(chu)“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)非常重要。
在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適(shi)度控制(zhi)氧含量來控制(zhi)氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由(you)于銅(tong)液在鑄(zhu)造過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫(qing)所產(chan)生的(de)水蒸氣(qi)很容易上浮(fu)跑(pao)出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部分(fen)能(neng)被(bei)有(you)效去除，因而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影(ying)響較小。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產電磁線等產品的(de)過(guo)程中，對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)質量也(ye)需(xu)提出(chu)要(yao)求(qiu)。需(xu)要(yao)拉制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)(mian)無(wu)毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉少、無(wu)油污(wu)。并通過(guo)扭(niu)轉(zhuan)試驗測量表(biao)面(mian)(mian)銅(tong)粉的(de)質量和(he)扭(niu)轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復原情況來判定其好(hao)壞(huai)。
在連鑄連軋過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，從鑄造(zao)到(dao)軋制前(qian)，溫度高，完全(quan)暴露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，使(shi)鑄坯表面(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在軋制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隨著軋輥的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋入(ru)銅線表面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅是(shi)高熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)，對于(yu)軋入(ru)較深的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅，當成(cheng)條(tiao)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇(yu)模(mo)具(ju)拉伸時，就會是(shi)銅桿外表面(mian)產生毛刺，給后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。
而上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)工藝制(zhi)造(zao)的無(wu)氧銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造(zao)和(he)冷卻完全(quan)與氧隔絕，后續亦(yi)無(wu)熱軋過程(cheng)，銅桿表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)軋入表(biao)面(mian)的氧化物，質(zhi)量較好，拉(la)制(zhi)后銅粉少，上(shang)述(shu)問題較少存在。
無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)也分進口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de),但目前進口產(chan)(chan)品已無明顯(xian)優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品出來(lai)后區別不是(shi)(shi)很(hen)大,只要銅(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)控制比較(jiao)穩定,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進口設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)最好(hao)的(de)應該是(shi)(shi)上海(hai)的(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)時間最長(chang)，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。
低氧(yang)銅桿進口設備國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國南線設備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)南京華新,江西銅業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國CONTIROD設備,國內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)常州金(jin)源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制(zhi)在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產(chan)品相對(dui)(dui)(dui)而(er)言(yan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)(neng)更適應(ying)些(xie),如(ru)柔(rou)軟(ruan)性,回(hui)彈角,繞線(xian)性能(neng)(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件相對(dui)(dui)(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件不(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao),普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但如(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)到(dao)(dao)雙零五,而(er)普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)(dao)0.1而(er)已,當(dang)然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二(er)卻非得(de)依靠進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企業(ye)嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但有(you)關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我(wo)還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很清楚。
音響線(xian)一(yi)般反而喜歡(huan)用無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan),這和無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是單晶銅,低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是多晶銅有(you)關。
氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)不同(tong)，致使存在差(cha)別，具(ju)有各自(zi)的(de)特點。
一、關于氧的吸入(ru)和(he)脫去以及(ji)它(ta)的存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下(xia)(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持(chi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當時間后，被還原而(er)脫去，通常這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上(shang)看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以說(shuo)是常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)韌性產生負面影響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)組(zu)織對(dui)韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多孔性是不常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則是常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱軋組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的區(qu)別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以(yi)其(qi)組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)加(jia)工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，在8mm的(de)桿(gan)時已有再結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)形式出現，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)溫度較(jiao)(jiao)高，需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)固有原因。這是因為，再結(jie)晶(jing)發生(sheng)在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個(ge)毫米(mi)，因而晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少，即(ji)使通過拉制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較(jiao)(jiao)少，所(suo)以(yi)需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)的(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)經拉制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)線時的(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經繼續拉制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在以(yi)后階段的(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應留有足夠的(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執行(xing)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)成(cheng)品(pin)導(dao)線的(de)柔(rou)軟性。
三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面氧(yang)化物(wu)和可(ke)能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)徑(jing)里與低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)，除(chu)上述(shu)組織原因(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)缺陷，桿表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚(hou)度可(ke)達(da)≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中如果(guo)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)穩定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩定(ding)將直接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)桿的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。如果(guo)桿的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)連(lian)續清(qing)洗中得以彌補外，但(dan)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)麻(ma)煩(fan)的(de)(de)是(shi)有相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)“皮下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微細(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)時(shi)(shi)，為了減少斷線(xian)，有時(shi)(shi)要對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿采取不(bu)得已的(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)原因(yin)所在(zai)(zai)，目(mu)的(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。
四(si)、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性有差別(bie)
兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫超導線(xian)中(zhong)的(de)低溫級無氧銅，其細絲(si)間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原材料到制(zhi)線的經濟性(xing)有(you)差別。
制(zhi)(zhi)造無氧銅桿要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原(yuan)材料。一般，拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅線時，低氧銅桿的(de)優(you)點比較(jiao)明顯，而無氧銅桿顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅線。
六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工藝(yi)與無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的有(you)所不同。
低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工藝(yi)不能照搬到(dao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工藝(yi)上來，至(zhi)少兩者(zhe)的(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)。因為線的(de)柔軟性深受材料成(cheng)份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線和(he)退火工藝(yi)的(de)影響，不能簡(jian)單地說低氧銅(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬(ying)。
