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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用于(yu)傳輸(shu)和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于(yu)城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線路(lu)、工礦企(qi)業內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占比重正逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的主(zhu)干(gan)線路(lu)中用以(yi)傳輸(shu)和(he)分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已有百年

主要分類

分類：按(an)電(dian)壓(ya)等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今已有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒(bang)上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵(tie)管(guan)內，然后填充瀝青混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)于紐約(yue)，開(kai)(kai)創了(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫德(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費(fei)蘭(lan)梯在倫敦與德(de)特福德(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千伏油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國建成(cheng)20千伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國敷(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)60千伏高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)(kai)始了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)絕緣(yuan)表面的(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)里程(cheng)碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千伏超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制成(cheng)1100千伏、1200千伏的(de)特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電壓等級可分為(wei)(wei)中、低(di)壓電力電纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏及以下）、高(gao)壓電纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏以上(shang)(shang))、超高(gao)壓電纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏）以及特(te)高(gao)壓電纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏及以上(shang)(shang)）。此(ci)外(wai)，還可按(an)電流(liu)制分為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)電纜(lan)和直流(liu)電纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜以油(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。其應用(yong)(yong)歷史(shi)最長。它安全可靠，使用(yong)(yong)壽命長，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺點是(shi)敷(fu)設受落差(cha)限(xian)制。自從(cong)開發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解決了落差(cha)限(xian)制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得以繼續廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層為(wei)擠壓塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑(su)(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結(jie)構簡單(dan),制造加(jia)工方便，重量(liang)輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制。因此廣泛應用(yong)作(zuo)中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有(you)取代粘(zhan)性浸(jin)漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺(que)點是存在樹枝化(hua)擊穿現象，這限(xian)(xian)制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的使(shi)用(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡膠加(jia)上(shang)各(ge)種配(pei)合劑，經過充分混煉后擠包(bao)在導電(dian)線芯上(shang)，經過加(jia)溫硫化(hua)而成。它柔軟，富有彈(dan)性(xing)，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的場(chang)合。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料(liao)有天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：適用于固定敷設在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)線路上作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，聚乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，交聯聚乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)為110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超(chao)高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結構：電力(li)電纜(lan)的基(ji)本(ben)結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽層和(he)保護層四部分組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部分，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線(xian)芯(xin)與大地以及不同相的線(xian)芯(xin)間在電(dian)(dian)氣上彼(bi)此(ci)隔(ge)離，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸送(song)，是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜結(jie)構中不可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)一般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層和(he)絕(jue)緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)免受外(wai)界(jie)雜質和水分的侵入，以及防止外(wai)力(li)直(zhi)接損壞(huai)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

主要優(you)點(dian)：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地少。一般埋設于土壤中(zhong)或敷設于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)(zhan)地少，基本(ben)不占(zhan)(zhan)地面上空間(jian)。

2可(ke)靠性(xing)高。受(shou)氣(qi)候條(tiao)件和周圍環境(jing)影響(xiang)小，傳(chuan)輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可(ke)靠性(xing)高。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更為有(you)利的條件，如低溫，超導(dao)電力(li)電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的(de)大寫表(biao)(biao)示(shi)絕緣種類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如(ru)用Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外護層構成，有二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧(kai)裝層，無外被(bei)層。第(di)(di)一位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝，第(di)(di)二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維外被(bei)表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結(jie)構(gou)的排列(lie)一般依次(ci)序為(wei)：絕緣材料；導體材料；內(nei)護層(ceng)；外(wai)護層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型(xing)號、額(e)定電(dian)壓和規格表示。其方法是在型(xing)號后再加上說明額(e)定電(dian)壓、芯數和標稱截面積的(de)。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕緣YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)烯烴絕緣YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕緣

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)      V——聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏(gao)填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外(wai)被(bei)層

33——單層細鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣安裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平型連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞(jiao)型軟線(xian)(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)