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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)(shi)用于(yu)(yu)傳輸(shu)(shu)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于(yu)(yu)城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)、工礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比(bi)重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)主干線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用以傳輸(shu)(shu)和分(fen)配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包(bao)括(kuo)1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的(de)使(shi)用至今已有(you)百(bai)年

主要(yao)分類(lei)

分類：按電壓(ya)等級分

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已(yi)有(you)百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒(bang)上包(bao)繞黃(huang)麻并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合(he)物(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德發(fa)明(ming)瀝青(qing)浸漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與德特福德之間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了10千伏(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建(jian)成20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)成60千伏(fu)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)人M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)(zhi)成分相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除(chu)了絕緣(yuan)(yuan)表(biao)面的(de)(de)正切(qie)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)，成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設(she)(she)了380千伏(fu)超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。此外，還可(ke)(ke)按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分為(wei)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜以油(you)浸紙作(zuo)絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。其應(ying)用歷史最長。它安全(quan)可(ke)靠，使用壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是(shi)敷(fu)設受落差限制(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流浸紙絕緣(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落差限制(zhi)問題，使油(you)浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得以繼續廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)。塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方便，重量輕，敷設安裝(zhuang)方便,不(bu)受敷設落差限制。因此(ci)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨(qu)勢。其最大缺(que)點是存在樹枝化擊穿(chuan)現象，這限制了(le)它在更(geng)高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力(li)電纜　絕緣層為(wei)橡(xiang)膠(jiao)加上各(ge)種配合劑(ji)，經(jing)過充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經(jing)過加溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟(ruan)，富有(you)彈(dan)性(xing)，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑小的場(chang)合。

常用作絕緣的膠料(liao)有天(tian)然(ran)膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙丙(bing)膠、丁基膠等。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：適(shi)用(yong)于固(gu)定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)線路上作輸送(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)用(yong)。

2、中低壓(ya)電纜：（一(yi)般(ban)指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜，聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜，交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般(ban)為(wei)110KV及以上(shang)）：聚乙烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電(dian)纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以上）。

基(ji)本結構：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構由(you)線芯(xin)（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分(fen)組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電力電纜的導電部(bu)(bu)分，用來輸送電能，是(shi)電力電纜的主要部(bu)(bu)分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是(shi)將線(xian)芯與大地以及不同相的線(xian)芯間在(zai)電氣上彼此隔(ge)離，保證電能(neng)輸送(song)，是(shi)電力電纜(lan)結構(gou)中不可(ke)缺少(shao)的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護層的(de)作用是保(bao)護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界雜質和(he)水分的(de)侵入，以及防止(zhi)外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一(yi)般埋設于(yu)土壤(rang)中或敷設于(yu)室(shi)內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線(xian)間絕緣距(ju)離(li)小，不用桿(gan)塔，占地少，基本(ben)不占地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高。受氣候條件(jian)和周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)影響小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高。

3具(ju)有向超高(gao)壓，大容量發展的更為(wei)有利(li)的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用(yong)漢(han)語拼音第一個字母(mu)的大(da)寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材(cai)料、內護層材(cai)料和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)外護層(ceng)構成(cheng)，有二位(wei)數(shu)字。無數(shu)字代表(biao)無鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)，無外被層(ceng)。第一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝，第二位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)外被，如粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧(kai)裝纖維(wei)外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構(gou)的排列一般依次序(xu)為：絕緣(yuan)材料；導體材料；內(nei)護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓(ya)和規格表示。其(qi)方法是在型號后再加(jia)上說明額定電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和標稱截面積的(de)。

型號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通信(xin)電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局用(yong)電(dian)纜

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏(gao)填充(chong)G——高頻(pin)隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單(dan)層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平型連(lian)接(jie)線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)(ruan)線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)(ruan)線(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火型DH：防火型