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導讀：由于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)的兩者(zhe)的工藝不同，所(suo)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的含(han)(han)氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同。上引(yin)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下，叫無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)保護(hu)條件(jian)下的熱(re)軋，氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內，但有時(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上，一般(ban)情況下，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，有時(shi)也叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料(liao)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其(qi)特(te)點是(shi)金屬在豎爐中(zhong)(zhong)融化(hua)后，銅(tong)(tong)液通過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷卻強度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷卻，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)(ya)制，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)(wei)熱加(jia)工組(zu)(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)織已經(jing)破碎，含氧量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國內基本全部(bu)采用(yong)上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)，金屬在感應電爐中(zhong)(zhong)融化(hua)后通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷軋(ya)(ya)或(huo)冷加(jia)工，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)織，含氧量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在20ppm以下。由(you)于(yu)制造(zao)(zao)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，所以在組(zu)(zu)織結(jie)構(gou)、氧含量(liang)(liang)分(fen)布、雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式及分(fen)布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性能(neng)跟很多因素有關，如雜(za)質(zhi)的含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等(deng)。下(xia)面(mian)分(fen)別從以上幾個(ge)方面(mian)對銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性能(neng)進行分(fen)析(xi)。

1、熔化(hua)方式對(dui)S等雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)生產銅桿(gan)主要是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)氣(qi)體的(de)燃燒使銅桿(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通(tong)過(guo)氧化和(he)揮發作用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)度減少部(bu)分雜質進入銅液(ye)，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電(dian)爐熔(rong)化，電(dian)解銅表面(mian)的(de)“銅綠”“銅豆”基本(ben)都熔(rong)入到銅液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的(de)S對(dui)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)塑性(xing)影響極大，會增加拉絲(si)斷(duan)線(xian)率。

2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質的進入(ru)

在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝需通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對(dui)容易造成(cheng)耐火材(cai)(cai)料的(de)剝落(luo)，在(zai)軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)通過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)給銅桿造成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下(xia)氧化物的(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧桿的(de)拉絲造成(cheng)不利的(de)影響。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工藝流(liu)程較(jiao)短(duan)，銅液(ye)是通過(guo)聯體(ti)爐內潛(qian)流(liu)式(shi)完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐火材(cai)(cai)料的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通過(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污(wu)染源較(jiao)少，雜質進入的(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的(de)(de)元素。在熔(rong)(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可以(yi)溶解(jie)一部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧幾乎不溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)(rong)態時(shi)所溶解(jie)的(de)(de)氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)(ti)析(xi)出，分布(bu)在晶粒晶界處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)出現(xian)，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫可以溶解在熔體的(de)銅中，但(dan)在室溫下，其溶解度幾乎降低到零，它以硫化亞銅的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界(jie)處，會顯著降低銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿中分(fen)布形式及其影響

氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)對低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉(la)線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)(dao)最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最(zui)(zui)低(di)。這是因(yin)為氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)過程中都(dou)起(qi)到(dao)(dao)了清除器(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)(de)氧還有利于去(qu)除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成水蒸氣溢(yi)出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)為拉(la)線工藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分布：在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝(ning)固的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和(he)均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻會引起銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部(bu)結(jie)構(gou)本質上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)均(jun)勻分布。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒聚集而(er)(er)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心(xin)爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒分布的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示(shi)出(chu)較好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)應力集中(zhong)點而(er)(er)斷(duan)裂(lie)。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延伸(shen)率下降，拉伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅(hong)色，結晶組(zu)(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量超(chao)出8ppm時，工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)性能變(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸(shen)過程中斷(duan)桿及斷(duan)線(xian)率極具增高(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)(zu)織分布在境(jing)界上。這種脆性相硬度(du)高(gao)，在冷變(bian)形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機械(xie)性能下降，在后(hou)續(xu)加工(gong)(gong)中容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量高(gao)還(huan)能導(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率下降。因(yin)此，必須嚴格控制上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制較(jiao)低，氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的副作用唄**降低，但氫的影響(xiang)成(cheng)為(wei)較(jiao)顯(xian)著的問(wen)題(ti)。吸氣(qi)后熔體中存(cun)在平(ping)衡(heng)反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣體及疏松(song)是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)的(de)過(guo)程中，氫從過(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)溶(rong)液中析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)并聚集而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫又可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣泡。由于上(shang)(shang)引鑄造的(de)特點是銅液自上(shang)(shang)而下的(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅液結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氣體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過(guo)程中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固(gu)組織內，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)含(han)(han)氣量少時，析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含(han)(han)氣量多時，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)，因此，氣孔(kong)和疏松(song)是氫氣和水蒸氣兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源(yuan)于上(shang)引生產過程中的各(ge)個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)(lv)”、輔(fu)料木(mu)炭**、氣(qi)候環境(jing)**、石墨(mo)結晶器(qi)未干燥(zao)等(deng)。因此，熔化(hua)爐(lu)中的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)覆(fu)蓋經烘(hong)烤(kao)的木(mu)炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵(duo)”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量非常(chang)重要。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中(zhong)，往往采用適度(du)控制(zhi)氧含量來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅液中(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易上浮(fu)跑(pao)出(chu)，銅液中(zhong)的氫大部分能被有效去除，因而對(dui)銅桿的影(ying)響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁(ci)線(xian)等產品的過程中(zhong)，對銅桿的表(biao)(biao)面質(zhi)量(liang)也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉(la)制后的銅絲表(biao)(biao)面無(wu)毛刺、銅粉少、無(wu)油污。并通過扭轉試驗(yan)測量(liang)表(biao)(biao)面銅粉的質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅桿的復原情況來判定其好壞。

在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造(zao)到(dao)軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)前，溫(wen)度高，完全(quan)暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面(mian)形成較(jiao)(jiao)厚的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入(ru)銅線表(biao)面(mian)。由于氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅是高熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)(wu)，對于軋(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅，當(dang)成條狀的(de)聚集物(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是銅桿外表(biao)面(mian)產生(sheng)毛刺(ci)，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成麻煩(fan)。

而(er)上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)無氧銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和(he)冷卻完(wan)全與氧隔絕，后續亦無熱軋過(guo)程，銅桿表面無軋入表面的(de)(de)氧化物，質量較好，拉制(zhi)后銅粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存在。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)也(ye)分進口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de),但(dan)目前進口(kou)產(chan)品已(yi)無(wu)明顯(xian)優勢(shi)，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品出來(lai)后區別不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)大,只要(yao)銅板(ban)選的(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制比較穩定(ding),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能(neng)產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭(lan)奧托昆普的(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)應該是(shi)(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時(shi)間最長，軍(jun)工(gong)企業，質(zhi)量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口設(she)備國際(ji)主要有兩種,一種是美(mei)國南線設(she)備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是南京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另(ling)一種是德國CONTIROD設(she)備,國內廠家是常州(zhou)金源,天津大無縫(feng)。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)(dan)目前(qian)有的(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采取的(de)(de)是上引(yin)法(fa),低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相對(dui)而言(yan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線性 能更(geng)適應些,如柔軟性,回彈角,繞線性能.但(dan)(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲條件相對(dui)要苛刻些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲,如果伸(shen)(shen)線條件不(bu)好,普通的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而好的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但(dan)(dan)如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線條件,同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能拉(la)到(dao)雙(shuang)零(ling)(ling)五,而普通無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)0.1而已(yi),當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零(ling)(ling)二(er)卻非得依靠(kao)進口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有企業(ye)嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)方(fang)式來(lai)處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)(dan)有關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響線一般反(fan)而喜歡用無(wu)氧(yang)桿,這和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)桿是(shi)單晶(jing)銅,低氧(yang)桿是(shi)多(duo)晶(jing)銅有(you)關。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和(he)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由于制(zhi)造(zao)方(fang)法(fa)的不同，致(zhi)使存在差(cha)別，具有各自的特(te)點(dian)。

一(yi)、關(guan)于氧的吸入(ru)和脫去以及它的存(cun)在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最低可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒(li)邊界附(fu)近，這(zhe)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說是常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜(za)形式(shi)在(zai)晶(jing)界出現(xian)對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負面影響。而(er)(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相組(zu)織(zhi)對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則是常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷(xian)。

二(er)、熱(re)軋組織和(he)鑄造組織的區別

低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經過(guo)熱軋，所以其組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)熱加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已經破(po)碎(sui)，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時已有(you)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現，而無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬(shu)(shu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，這是為什么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)較高(gao)，需要(yao)較高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)固有(you)原因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過(guo)拉(la)制(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是較少(shao)，所以需要(yao)較高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求是：由桿經拉(la)制(zhi)，但尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應(ying)比同樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應(ying)留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量和對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別執行(xing)不同的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝，以保(bao)證在(zai)制(zhi)品和成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧含量波(bo)動，表面氧化物和可能(neng)存在(zai)的(de)熱軋缺(que)陷的(de)差別

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)相比都是優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因(yin)外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)穩定，無(wu)熱軋可(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)化(hua)物厚(hou)度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)產過(guo)程中如果(guo)工藝不(bu)(bu)穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)監控(kong)不(bu)(bu)嚴，含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩定將直(zhi)接影響(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能。如果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)化(hua)物能在(zai)(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得以(yi)彌(mi)補(bu)外(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是有(you)相當多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對(dui)拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)(duan)線(xian)影響(xiang)(xiang)更(geng)直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線(xian)，超(chao)微細(xi)線(xian)時，為了減(jian)少斷(duan)(duan)線(xian)，有(you)時要(yao)對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)得已的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)，甚至二次(ci)剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所在(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的(de)韌(ren)性(xing)有(you)差別

兩者都可(ke)以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超(chao)導(dao)線(xian)中的低(di)溫級無氧銅，其細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到(dao)制線的經濟性有差(cha)別。

制(zhi)造無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較高的原材料(liao)。一般，拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的銅(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的優點比較明顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得更為優越的是拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的銅(tong)線。

六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的制線(xian)工(gong)藝與(yu)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)工藝不能照搬到(dao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)工藝上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)退火工藝是不同的(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)柔(rou)軟性深受材料成份(fen)和(he)制桿，制線(xian)和(he)退火工藝的(de)影響，不能簡單地說低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)誰軟誰硬。