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來源：行(xing)業動(dong)態(tai) 閱讀：109606 發(fa)布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由(you)于生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同，所生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量及外(wai)觀就不同。上(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)藝得(de)當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量在10ppm以下(xia)，叫無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan) 是在保(bao)護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量在200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時(shi)也(ye)高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，此種(zhong)方法(fa)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也(ye)叫光桿(gan)。
銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)業的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料(liao)，生產的(de)方(fang)式主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)生產方(fang)法(fa)較多(duo)，其特(te)點是(shi)金(jin)屬在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融(rong)(rong)化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較大(da)的(de)冷(leng)卻強(qiang)度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)(ya)制，生產的(de)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧量一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內基本全部采用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產，金(jin)屬在(zai)感(gan)應(ying)電爐(lu)中融(rong)(rong)化后(hou)(hou)通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生產的(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧量一般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)工藝的(de)不同，所(suo)以在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧含量分(fen)布、雜質的(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大(da)差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)(xing)能跟很多因(yin)素(su)有關，如雜質的(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)(fen)(fen)布、工藝控制等。下面分(fen)(fen)(fen)別從以上幾個方(fang)面對(dui)銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)(xing)能進行分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)。
1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影響(xiang)
連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是(shi)通過氣體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)(rong)化，在(zai)燃燒的(de)過程中(zhong)，通過氧化和揮發作用，可一定程度減(jian)少(shao)部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)對(dui)原料要求(qiu)相對(dui)低一些。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應電爐熔(rong)(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)入的(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影(ying)響極大(da)，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線率。
2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入
在(zai)生產過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄連軋工藝需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相(xiang)對(dui)容易造成耐火材料的(de)(de)(de)剝(bo)落(luo)，在(zai)軋制過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋輥，造成鐵質的(de)(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)(hui)(hui)給銅桿造成外(wai)部夾雜。而熱軋中(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)上和皮(pi)(pi)下氧化物的(de)(de)(de)軋入，會(hui)(hui)(hui)給低氧桿的(de)(de)(de)拉絲造成不利的(de)(de)(de)影響。上引連鑄法生產工藝流程較(jiao)(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐(lu)內(nei)潛流式完成，對(dui)耐火材料的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊(ji)不大(da)，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石(shi)墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所以過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可(ke)能產生的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染源較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)(shao)，雜質進(jin)入的(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)(hui)(hui)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)(shao)。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化合物的元素(su)。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以(yi)溶(rong)解一部分(fen)，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態時所溶(rong)解的氧(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)析出，分(fen)布(bu)在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)的出現，顯著(zhu)降低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)的塑性。
硫可以溶(rong)解在熔體的(de)(de)銅(tong)中，但在室溫下(xia)，其(qi)溶(rong)解度幾乎(hu)降(jiang)低到零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅(tong)的(de)(de)形式出現在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處，會顯著降(jiang)低銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑(su)性。
3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)中分布形式及其影響
氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能有著明(ming)顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量增加到最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在與大部分雜(za)質(zhi)反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)過程中都起到了清除器(qi)的(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)還有利于(yu)去除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫，生(sheng)成(cheng)水蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少(shao)氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量為拉線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)提供了最(zui)好的(de)(de)條件(jian)。
低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物的(de)(de)分布(bu)：在(zai)連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最(zui)初階段，散熱(re)速率和均(jun)(jun)勻冷(leng)卻是決(jue)定銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物分布(bu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素。不均(jun)(jun)勻冷(leng)卻會(hui)(hui)引(yin)起銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱(re)加工(gong)，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會(hui)(hui)遭到破(po)壞(huai)，使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)和均(jun)(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒聚集(ji)而(er)產生的(de)(de)典(dian)型情(qing)況是中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂(lie)(lie)。除(chu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒分布(bu)的(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)拉線特性(xing)，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而(er)斷裂(lie)(lie)。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延(yan)伸(shen)率下降，拉(la)伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色，結晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超(chao)出(chu)8ppm時(shi)(shi)，工藝(yi)(yi)性能(neng)變(bian)差，表現(xian)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造及拉(la)伸(shen)過程中(zhong)斷(duan)桿及斷(duan)線率極具增高(gao)。這是(shi)由(you)于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)生成(cheng)(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)脆性相，形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆性相硬度高(gao)，在(zai)冷變(bian)形時(shi)(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導致(zhi)(zhi)銅(tong)桿的機(ji)械性能(neng)下降，在(zai)后續加工中(zhong)容易造成(cheng)(cheng)斷(duan)裂(lie)現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高(gao)還能(neng)導致(zhi)(zhi)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿導電率下降。因此(ci)，必須(xu)嚴格控(kong)制上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工藝(yi)(yi)及產品質量。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含(han)量控制較(jiao)低，氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)副作用(yong)唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的(de)(de)影響(xiang)成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)問題。吸氣(qi)后熔體(ti)中存在(zai)平衡(heng)反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松是在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)(qing)從(cong)過(guo)飽和的(de)溶液(ye)中析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)并聚集而(er)形(xing)(xing)成的(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還原氧(yang)化亞銅而(er)生成水氣(qi)泡。由于上引鑄(zhu)造的(de)特點是銅液(ye)自上而(er)下的(de)結(jie)(jie)晶，形(xing)(xing)成的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似錐(zhui)型(xing)。銅液(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氣(qi)體(ti)在(zai)上浮過(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)凝(ning)固組(zu)織內(nei)，結(jie)(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內(nei)形(xing)(xing)成氣(qi)孔。上引的(de)含(han)氣(qi)量少時(shi)，析(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于晶界(jie)處，形(xing)(xing)成疏(shu)松；含(han)氣(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成氣(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)孔和疏(shu)松是氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成的(de)。
氫來源于上(shang)引生產過程中的各個(ge)工藝環節，如原料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣(qi)候環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未(wei)干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高(gao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要(yao)。
在連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采用適度控(kong)制氧(yang)含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液(ye)在鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅液(ye)中(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮跑出，銅液(ye)中(zhong)的氫大部分能被有效(xiao)去除，因(yin)而對銅桿的影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)(chan)電磁線等產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表面質(zhi)量(liang)也需(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)要(yao)拉制后的(de)銅(tong)絲(si)表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無油污。并通過扭(niu)轉試(shi)驗測(ce)量(liang)表面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)扭(niu)轉后觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復原情況來判定其好壞。
在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋過程中，從鑄(zhu)造(zao)到軋制前，溫度高(gao)，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)層(ceng)，在(zai)軋制過程中，隨著軋輥的(de)轉(zhuan)動，氧(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒軋入銅線表(biao)面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅是高(gao)熔點脆性化(hua)合物，對于(yu)軋入較深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅，當成(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚(ju)集物遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅桿外表(biao)面(mian)產生毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。
而(er)上(shang)引連鑄工藝(yi)制(zhi)造(zao)的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷(leng)卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續(xu)亦無(wu)熱軋過程(cheng)，銅(tong)桿表面無(wu)軋入表面的氧(yang)化物(wu)，質量較好，拉(la)制(zhi)后銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問題較少(shao)存(cun)在。
無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)也(ye)分進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和(he)國產設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口(kou)產品已無(wu)明顯優勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)產品出(chu)來后(hou)區別不是(shi)很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)(tong)板選的(de)(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產控(kong)制比較(jiao)穩(wen)定,國產設(she)(she)備(bei)也(ye)能(neng)產出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan).進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國產設(she)(she)備(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)軍(jun)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產時間最長(chang)，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。
低氧銅桿進口設備國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是美國南線設備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家(jia)是南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一種(zhong)是德國CONTIROD設備,國內廠家(jia)是常州金源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易(yi)區(qu)別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但目前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)做到50個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制(zhi)在250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種(zhong)產品相對而(er)言低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包線性 能(neng)(neng)更適(shi)應些,如(ru)(ru)柔軟性,回(hui)彈角,繞(rao)線性能(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉絲條(tiao)件(jian)相對要苛刻些,同(tong)樣(yang)拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)(ru)果伸(shen)線條(tiao)件(jian)不好(hao)(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉而(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷(duan) 線,但如(ru)(ru)果放(fang)在好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線條(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)拉到雙零五,而(er)普通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)(neng)拉伸(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了(le).目前(qian)有企(qi)業嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線.但有關這(zhe)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還(huan)不是(shi)(shi)很清楚。
音響(xiang)線一般(ban)反而喜歡用無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿,這(zhe)和無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿是單(dan)晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。
氧銅桿(gan)(gan)和(he)無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)由于制造方法的(de)不同，致使存在差別，具有各(ge)自的(de)特點。
一、關于(yu)氧的吸入和脫去以及它的存在狀(zhuang)態
生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下吸(xi)入的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保(bao)持相(xiang)當(dang)時間后，被(bei)還(huan)原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)這種桿的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)(di)可(ke)(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附(fu)近，這對(dui)(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)言可(ke)(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很(hen)少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形(xing)式在(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出現對(dui)(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)生負面影(ying)響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織對(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中則是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。
二、熱軋(ya)組織(zhi)(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)(zhi)的區別
低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)由于(yu)經過(guo)熱軋，所以其組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)時已(yi)有再(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固有原因。這(zhe)是(shi)因為，再(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)在晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附(fu)近，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚(shen)至(zhi)能達幾個毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少，即使通過(guo)拉(la)制(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)少，所以需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率。對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)成功的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿(gan)經拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)比同樣(yang)情(qing)況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在以后階段的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量和對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)切實區別(bie)執行(xing)不同的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝，以保證在制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化(hua)物和(he)可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑(jing)里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)都(dou)是優越的(de)(de)，除上述組織(zhi)原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定，無(wu)熱(re)軋可(ke)能產生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生產過(guo)程中如果(guo)工藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定將直接(jie)影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)性能。如果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能在(zai)(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)(de)連續清(qing)洗中得以彌(mi)補(bu)外，但比(bi)較麻(ma)煩(fan)的(de)(de)是有(you)相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下(xia)”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為(wei)了(le)減少斷線(xian)，有(you)時要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)(bu)得已的(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)，目(mu)的(de)(de)要除去皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。
四、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的韌性有差別
兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫超導線中的低溫級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間的間距(ju)只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿(gan)的原(yuan)材料到(dao)制(zhi)線(xian)的經濟(ji)性有(you)差(cha)別(bie)。
制(zhi)造無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要(yao)求(qiu)質量較高的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明顯(xian)，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)。
六、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的有所不(bu)同(tong)。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝不能(neng)照搬到無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝上(shang)來，至少兩者(zhe)的退火(huo)工藝是不同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性深受材料成份(fen)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和(he)退火(huo)工藝的影響，不能(neng)簡單(dan)地說低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)或無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)誰軟誰硬(ying)。
