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來源：行業動態(tai) 閱讀：109566 發布時(shi)間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工(gong)(gong)藝不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，所生產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)含(han)氧(yang)量及外觀就不(bu)同(tong)(tong)。上引生產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)(gong)藝得當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)生產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)(zai)保護條件下的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時(shi)也(ye)高(gao)達(da)700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法生產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也(ye)叫光桿(gan)。
銅桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)業的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料(liao)，生產的(de)方(fang)式主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩(liang)種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)生產方(fang)法(fa)(fa)較多，其特(te)點(dian)是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎(shu)爐(lu)中融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)，銅液(ye)通過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進入封閉的(de)模腔(qiang)內，采(cai)用(yong)較大(da)(da)的(de)冷卻(que)強度進行(xing)冷卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后(hou)進行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生產的(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)熱加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)國(guo)內基本全部采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生產，金屬在(zai)(zai)感應電爐(lu)中融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)通過石墨模進行(xing)上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)進行(xing)冷軋(ya)或冷加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，生產的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下(xia)。由(you)于制造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)不同，所以在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分(fen)布、雜質(zhi)的(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸多方(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大(da)(da)差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的拉(la)制性能跟很(hen)多因素有關，如(ru)雜質(zhi)的含(han)量、氧(yang)含(han)量及(ji)分布、工藝控(kong)制等。下面分別從以上幾個(ge)方面對銅桿的拉(la)制性能進行分析。
1、熔化方式對S等(deng)雜質的影(ying)響(xiang)
連鑄連軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)氣(qi)體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化(hua)，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，通過(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)和揮發(fa)作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質進(jin)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連鑄連軋(ya)法對原料要(yao)求(qiu)相對低(di)一些。上引連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應(ying)電爐(lu)熔(rong)化(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔(rong)入(ru)的(de)S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉(la)絲斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入
在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工藝需通過保(bao)溫爐(lu)(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材料的剝(bo)落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要通過軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的脫落，會給銅桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下氧化物的軋(ya)(ya)入，會給低(di)氧桿的拉絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)利(li)的影響。上(shang)引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝流(liu)程較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是通過聯體爐(lu)(lu)內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)材料的沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是通過石墨模內進行(xing)，所以過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的污染源較(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)進入的機會較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與銅會生產化合物的(de)元素。在熔態銅中，氧(yang)可以溶解(jie)一部分(fen)，但當銅冷凝(ning)時，氧(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶解(jie)于(yu)銅中。熔態時所溶解(jie)的(de)氧(yang)，以銅=氧(yang)化亞(ya)(ya)銅共晶(jing)(jing)體析出，分(fen)布在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界處。銅-氧(yang)化亞(ya)(ya)銅共晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)出現，顯(xian)著降低了銅的(de)塑(su)性(xing)。
硫可以(yi)溶解(jie)(jie)在(zai)熔(rong)體的銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，但在(zai)室(shi)溫下(xia)，其(qi)溶解(jie)(jie)度幾(ji)乎降低(di)到零(ling)，它以(yi)硫化亞銅(tong)(tong)的形式出現(xian)在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會(hui)顯著降低(di)銅(tong)(tong)的塑性(xing)。
3、氧(yang)在(zai)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)中分布形式及(ji)其影響
氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)增(zeng)加到(dao)最(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)(zui)低。這是因為氧(yang)(yang)在與(yu)大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都起(qi)到(dao)了清除器的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適(shi)度的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)還有利于去除銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫，生成水(shui)蒸氣溢(yi)出(chu)，減(jian)少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)為拉線(xian)工藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散(san)熱速率和(he)均勻(yun)冷卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不均勻(yun)冷卻會引起(qi)銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質(zhi)上(shang)的(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)熱加工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破(po)壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)和(he)均勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)典型情況是(shi)中心爆裂。除(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示(shi)出較好的(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)容易(yi)造成應力集中點而(er)斷裂。
無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧量(liang)(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸(shen)(shen)率下降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)(shen)式樣(yang)端口顯(xian)暗紅(hong)色，結晶組織疏松。當氧含量(liang)(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能變差(cha)，表現(xian)為(wei)鑄造及拉伸(shen)(shen)過程中斷桿(gan)及斷線(xian)率極(ji)具增高。這(zhe)是由于氧能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧化亞(ya)(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性相，形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化亞(ya)(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)，以(yi)網狀組織分布在(zai)境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性相硬度高，在(zai)冷變形時將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫(tuo)離，導致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性能下降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工(gong)中容(rong)易造成斷裂(lie)現(xian)象。氧含量(liang)(liang)高還能導致(zhi)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率下降(jiang)。因此(ci)，必須(xu)嚴格控(kong)制上(shang)引連鑄工(gong)藝及產品質量(liang)(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)(zai)上引連(lian)鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控(kong)制較(jiao)低，氧化(hua)物的(de)副作用唄**降低，但氫的(de)影響成為(wei)較(jiao)顯著的(de)問(wen)題。吸氣后熔體中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣體及疏松(song)(song)是(shi)在(zai)結晶(jing)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)的溶液(ye)(ye)中析出(chu)并聚(ju)(ju)集而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的。在(zai)結晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的氫(qing)又可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化亞銅而(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的特點(dian)是(shi)銅液(ye)(ye)自上而(er)下(xia)的結晶(jing)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的液(ye)(ye)**形狀(zhuang)近(jin)似(si)錐型。銅液(ye)(ye)結晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的氣體在(zai)上浮過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)凝固組織內，結晶(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿(gan)內形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔。上引的含(han)氣量少時(shi)，析出(chu)的氫(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)(song)；含(han)氣量多(duo)時(shi)，則聚(ju)(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔，因此(ci)，氣孔和(he)疏松(song)(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣和(he)水蒸(zheng)氣兩者形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的。
氫來(lai)源(yuan)于上引生產過程中的各個工藝環(huan)節(jie)，如原料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣(qi)候環(huan)境**、石(shi)墨(mo)結(jie)晶器未干燥等(deng)。因(yin)此，熔化爐中的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去(qu)除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對(dui)提(ti)高(gao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非(fei)常重要。
在連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中(zhong)，往往采用(yong)適度控(kong)制(zhi)氧含量來控(kong)制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)在(zai)鑄(zhu)造過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)是自下(xia)而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)和氫所產生的(de)(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氫大(da)部(bu)分(fen)能被(bei)有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)(chan)電(dian)磁線等產(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)量也需提出要求(qiu)。需要拉(la)制后的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)絲表(biao)面無(wu)毛(mao)刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并(bing)通過(guo)扭(niu)轉試驗測量表(biao)面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量和(he)扭(niu)轉后觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)復原情況來判定其好壞(huai)。
在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造到軋制前(qian)，溫(wen)度(du)高(gao)，完全(quan)暴露于(yu)空(kong)氣中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)氧化(hua)層(ceng)，在軋制過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)軋輥的(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物顆(ke)粒軋入銅(tong)(tong)線表(biao)面。由(you)于(yu)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合物，對(dui)于(yu)軋入較(jiao)深的(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)，當成條狀的(de)聚(ju)集物遇模具拉(la)伸時，就會(hui)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)桿外表(biao)面產(chan)生毛刺(ci)，給后續(xu)的(de)涂漆造成麻(ma)煩。
而上引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻(que)完全與氧(yang)(yang)隔絕，后(hou)續亦無熱軋過程，銅桿表(biao)面(mian)無軋入表(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制后(hou)銅粉少，上述問題較(jiao)少存在。
無氧銅桿(gan)也(ye)分(fen)進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的和國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的,但目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)已無明顯優(you)勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)出來后區別不是(shi)很大,只要銅板選的好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控制比(bi)較(jiao)穩定(ding),國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)拉(la)伸0.05的銅桿(gan).進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托(tuo)昆普的設(she)(she)備(bei),國(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)最好(hao)的應該是(shi)上海的海軍廠的了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時間最長(chang)，軍工(gong)企業，質量可(ke)靠。
低氧銅桿進口設備國(guo)際(ji)主要有(you)兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是美國(guo)南(nan)線設備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家是南(nan)京華(hua)新,江(jiang)西銅業(ye),另一種(zhong)是德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內廠家是常州金源,天(tian)津大無縫。
無氧(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容(rong)易(yi)區(qu)別,無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)(dan)目(mu)前(qian)有的(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)(zhi)能做到50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采取的(de)(de)是(shi)上(shang)引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漆包線性(xing)(xing) 能更(geng)適應些(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔(rou)軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線性(xing)(xing)能.但(dan)(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)拉絲(si)條(tiao)(tiao)件相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)拉伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲(si),如(ru)(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線條(tiao)(tiao)件不(bu)(bu)好,普(pu)通的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但(dan)(dan)如(ru)(ru)果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線條(tiao)(tiao)件,同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不(bu)(bu)定就(jiu)能拉到雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而(er)普(pu)通無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)(zhi)能拉伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙(shuang)零(ling)二(er)卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了(le).目(mu)前(qian)有企業嘗試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)(dan)有關這(zhe)方面(mian)的(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)我(wo)還(huan)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)很清楚(chu)。
音響(xiang)線(xian)一般反而喜歡用(yong)無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)多晶銅有關(guan)。
氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于制造方法的不同，致使存在差別(bie)，具有各(ge)自的特(te)點。
一(yi)、關于氧(yang)的(de)吸入和(he)脫去以及它的(de)存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進(jin)入是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態下(xia)(xia)(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而上引(yin)法(fa)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)(xia)保(bao)持相當時間后，被還原(yuan)而脫去，通常(chang)這種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)(xia)(xia)，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上看(kan)，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶粒(li)邊界附近，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而言可(ke)以說是常(chang)見的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式在(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性(xing)產生負面影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組(zu)織是均勻(yun)的(de)(de)單相組(zu)織對(dui)韌(ren)性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不常(chang)見的(de)(de)，而在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是常(chang)見的(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。
二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的(de)區別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過熱(re)軋，所以其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱(re)加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破(po)碎，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)形式出現(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度較高(gao)，需要較高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因。這(zhe)是因為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚至能(neng)達幾個(ge)毫(hao)米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)(shao)，即使通(tong)過拉制(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)相(xiang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)還是較少(shao)(shao)，所以需要較高(gao)的(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成功(gong)的(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是：由(you)桿(gan)經(jing)拉制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未(wei)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)線時(shi)的(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)以后階段的(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有(you)足夠的(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切(qie)實區別執行(xing)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保(bao)證在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)品和(he)成品導線的(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的(de)熱(re)軋缺陷的(de)差別
無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)相比(bi)都是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因(yin)外，無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定(ding)(ding)，無熱軋(ya)可能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產過程中如果工藝(yi)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監(jian)控(kong)不(bu)(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)將直接影(ying)響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)能在(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續(xu)清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響更直接，故(gu)而在(zai)(zai)拉(la)制微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為了減少斷線(xian)，有時要對(dui)銅桿(gan)采(cai)取不(bu)(bu)得(de)已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮，甚(shen)至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)。
四、低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)韌性有(you)差別(bie)
兩者都可以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)(wen)超導(dao)線(xian)中的低溫(wen)(wen)級(ji)無氧銅，其細絲(si)間的間距只有(you)0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的(de)原材料到(dao)制(zhi)線的(de)經濟(ji)性有差別。
制造無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿要(yao)求質量(liang)較高的(de)(de)原材(cai)料。一般，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)優(you)點比較明顯(xian)，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿顯(xian)得(de)更為優(you)越(yue)的(de)(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)。
六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的制線工藝與無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的有所不同。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)制線(xian)工藝不(bu)(bu)能照(zhao)搬(ban)到(dao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)制線(xian)工藝上(shang)來，至少兩者的(de)(de)(de)退火工藝是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性深受材(cai)料成份和(he)(he)制桿，制線(xian)和(he)(he)退火工藝的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，不(bu)(bu)能簡單地(di)說低氧(yang)銅(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰(shui)(shui)軟誰(shui)(shui)硬。
