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導讀：由于生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同，所生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)含氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同。上引生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧含量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保護條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)的(de)熱軋，氧含量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內，但有時也高達700ppm以上，一(yi)般情況下(xia)，此種方(fang)法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)表光(guang)亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也叫(jiao)光(guang)桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿是電(dian)纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)主要有兩種(zhong)——連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方(fang)(fang)法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)，形(xing)(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)熱加(jia)工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿國(guo)內基(ji)本全部(bu)采用(yong)上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產，金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)感應電(dian)爐(lu)中融化后(hou)(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引連續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)(leng)加(jia)工，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造(zao)(zao)(zao)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量分布(bu)、雜質的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)及分布(bu)等諸多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的(de)拉制性能(neng)跟(gen)很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質(zhi)的(de)含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾個方面(mian)對銅桿的(de)拉制性能(neng)進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影(ying)響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過氣體的燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化，在燃燒的過程(cheng)(cheng)中，通過氧化和揮發(fa)作用，可一定程(cheng)(cheng)度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要求(qiu)相(xiang)對(dui)低一些。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用感應電爐熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表(biao)面(mian)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)入到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)(rong)入的S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會增加(jia)拉絲斷(duan)線率(lv)。

2、鑄造(zao)過程中雜質(zhi)的進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中，連鑄連軋(ya)工藝需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間包轉運銅液，相對容易造(zao)成耐火材料(liao)的(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程中需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成外部(bu)夾雜。而熱(re)軋(ya)中皮上和皮下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)給(gei)低氧(yang)桿的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成不(bu)(bu)利的(de)(de)影(ying)響。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工藝流程較(jiao)(jiao)短，銅液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐內潛流式完(wan)成，對耐火材料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模內進行，所以(yi)過(guo)(guo)程中可能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)污(wu)染源較(jiao)(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)進入的(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)較(jiao)(jiao)少。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅會生產化合物的元素。在熔態(tai)銅中(zhong)，氧可以溶解一部分，但當銅冷(leng)凝時(shi)，氧幾乎不溶解于(yu)銅中(zhong)。熔態(tai)時(shi)所溶解的氧，以銅=氧化亞(ya)銅共晶(jing)體(ti)析(xi)出，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅-氧化亞(ya)銅共晶(jing)體(ti)的出現，顯著降低(di)了銅的塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶解(jie)在(zai)熔體(ti)的銅(tong)(tong)中，但在(zai)室溫下，其(qi)溶解(jie)度(du)幾乎(hu)降低到零，它以硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)的形式出(chu)現在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)(tong)的塑(su)性。

3、氧在低(di)氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形(xing)式及其影響

氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)佳值時，銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)在與大部分雜質反(fan)應(ying)的(de)過程中都起(qi)到(dao)了清除(chu)器的(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)氫，生(sheng)成水(shui)蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)形成。最(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)提(ti)供了最(zui)好的(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)：在連續澆(jiao)鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散熱(re)速率和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)冷卻會引(yin)起銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內部結(jie)構(gou)本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)熱(re)加(jia)工，柱狀(zhuang)晶(jing)通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)顆粒(li)(li)細微化和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)。氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)(li)聚集而產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)心(xin)爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)(li)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)影響外，具(ju)有較(jiao)(jiao)小氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出(chu)較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)(li)容易造成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂(lie)。

無氧銅(tong)(tong)含氧量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率(lv)下降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結晶組織疏松。當(dang)氧含量(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能(neng)(neng)變(bian)差，表現(xian)為(wei)鑄造(zao)及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷桿(gan)及斷線(xian)率(lv)極具增(zeng)高(gao)。這是由(you)于氧能(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以(yi)網狀組織分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)境界上。這種脆性相硬度高(gao)，在(zai)(zai)冷變(bian)形時將會與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機體脫(tuo)離，導(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性能(neng)(neng)下降(jiang)，在(zai)(zai)后續(xu)加工(gong)中(zhong)容(rong)易造(zao)成斷裂現(xian)象。氧含量(liang)高(gao)還能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電率(lv)下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制(zhi)上引連鑄工(gong)藝及產(chan)品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含量控制(zhi)較低，氧化物的副作用(yong)唄**降低，但氫的影(ying)響成(cheng)為較顯著的問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存在平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏(shu)松是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽和的(de)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出并(bing)聚集而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而生成(cheng)水氣(qi)泡。由于上引(yin)鑄造的(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上而下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)(zai)上浮過程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)(zai)凝固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)孔。上引(yin)的(de)含氣(qi)量(liang)少(shao)時(shi)，析(xi)出的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)孔和疏(shu)松是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的各個工(gong)藝(yi)環(huan)節，如原料電(dian)解(jie)銅的“銅綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣(qi)候環(huan)境**、石(shi)墨結晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中的銅液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭(tan)，電(dian)解(jie)銅應盡(jin)量去除“銅綠”、“銅豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅桿質(zhi)量非常重(zhong)要。

在連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控(kong)制(zhi)氧含量(liang)來控(kong)制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過(guo)程中(zhong)是自(zi)下(xia)而(er)上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氧和(he)氫(qing)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)很容易(yi)上(shang)浮跑(pao)出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部分能(neng)被有效去除，因(yin)而(er)對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)表(biao)面質量(liang)也需(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)要(yao)拉制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)、無油(you)污。并通(tong)過扭轉(zhuan)試驗(yan)測量(liang)表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)粉的(de)質量(liang)和(he)扭轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀(guan)察銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)復(fu)原(yuan)情況來判定(ding)其好壞。

在連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)過(guo)(guo)程中，從(cong)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到軋(ya)制前，溫度高(gao)，完(wan)全暴露(lu)于(yu)空氣中，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面形成較(jiao)厚的(de)氧化(hua)(hua)層，在軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程中，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化(hua)(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅線表面。由于(yu)氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅是高(gao)熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)合物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅，當(dang)成條狀的(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅桿外表面產生(sheng)毛(mao)刺，給后(hou)續的(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而(er)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄工藝制造的無氧銅桿，由于鑄造和(he)冷卻完全(quan)與氧隔絕，后(hou)續(xu)亦無熱軋過程，銅桿表面無軋入表面的氧化物，質量較好，拉制后(hou)銅粉少，上述問題較少存在(zai)。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也分(fen)進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)做的和國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)做的,但目前進(jin)口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)明(ming)顯(xian)優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品出(chu)來后區別不是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選的好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的銅(tong)桿.進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普的設備(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的應該是(shi)上(shang)海的海軍廠的了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)，質量可靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口設(she)備國(guo)(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)(guo)南(nan)(nan)線設(she)備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)南(nan)(nan)京華(hua)新,江(jiang)西(xi)銅(tong)業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)常州金源(yuan),天津大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)及(ji)低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)上容(rong)易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)在10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但目前(qian)(qian)有(you)的廠家(jia)只能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)(dao)50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好的桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)控制在250個PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采取的是(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品相對(dui)而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包(bao)線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更適應(ying)些,如(ru)(ru)柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞(rao)線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)(la)絲(si)條(tiao)件(jian)相對(dui)要(yao)苛刻(ke)些,同樣(yang)拉(la)(la)伸0.2的細絲(si),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好,普(pu)通的無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而好的低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)放在好的伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同樣(yang)的桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定(ding)就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)到(dao)(dao)雙零(ling)五,而普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)伸到(dao)(dao)0.1而已(yi),當(dang)然做的最(zui)細的如(ru)(ru)雙零(ling)二卻(que)非得依(yi)靠進口的 無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前(qian)(qian)有(you)企業嘗試用剝皮(pi)的方式(shi)來(lai)處(chu)理低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian).但有(you)關(guan)這(zhe)方面(mian)的內容(rong)我還不(bu)是(shi)很清楚。

音響線(xian)一般反而喜歡(huan)用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是(shi)單(dan)晶(jing)銅,低氧(yang)桿是(shi)多晶(jing)銅有關。

氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由于(yu)制造方法的不同，致使存在差別(bie)，具有各自的特點。

一(yi)、關于氧的(de)吸(xi)入(ru)和脫去(qu)以及它的(de)存在狀態

生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進(jin)入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引(yin)法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相(xiang)(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)(xiang)當時(shi)間后，被還原(yuan)而(er)(er)脫(tuo)去(qu)，通常這(zhe)種桿的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看(kan)，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶粒邊界(jie)(jie)附近(jin)，這(zhe)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)(er)言可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)(jie)出現對材料(liao)的(de)(de)韌(ren)性(xing)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)負面影響。而(er)(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單相(xiang)(xiang)組織(zhi)對韌(ren)性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)不常見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)則是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的區別

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由于經過熱軋，所以其組(zu)織屬(shu)熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時已有再結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出(chu)現，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么(me)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)固有原因。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)，再結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界附(fu)近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個(ge)毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界少，即使通(tong)過拉制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界相對低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少，所以需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率。對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由桿經拉制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一(yi)次退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)比同樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉制，在(zai)(zai)以后(hou)階段的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量(liang)和(he)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執行(xing)不同的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝，以保證(zheng)在(zai)(zai)制品(pin)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧含量波動，表(biao)面氧化物和可能(neng)存在的熱軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉性在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相比都是優越的(de)，除(chu)上述組織(zhi)原因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定，無(wu)熱軋可能(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)如果工(gong)藝不(bu)穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)穩定將直接影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性能(neng)。如果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)連續(xu)清洗中(zhong)得以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)是有相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于“皮下(xia)”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影響更直接，故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拉制微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為了減少斷(duan)線(xian)，有時要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)得已的(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)要除(chu)去皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的韌性(xing)有(you)差別

兩者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但在低溫超導(dao)線中的(de)低溫級無(wu)氧(yang)銅，其細絲間的(de)間距只有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從(cong)制桿(gan)的原(yuan)材料到(dao)制線的經濟性有(you)差別。

制(zhi)造無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿要求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)時，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)優點比(bi)較明顯(xian)，而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿顯(xian)得更為優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)。

六、低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的制線工藝與無氧銅桿(gan)的有(you)所不同(tong)。

低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)不能(neng)照(zhao)搬到無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)上來，至少兩(liang)者的(de)退火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是不同的(de)。因為線(xian)(xian)的(de)柔軟性深(shen)受材料成份和制桿，制線(xian)(xian)和退火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)影(ying)響，不能(neng)簡單地說低氧銅(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。