熱門關(guan)鍵詞：
來源：行業(ye)動態 閱讀：109335 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅桿的(de)兩(liang)者的(de)工藝不同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅桿中的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量及外(wai)觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅桿，工藝得當氧(yang)(yang)含量在10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅桿 是(shi)在保(bao)護(hu)條件(jian)下的(de)熱(re)軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量在200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內，但有(you)時也高(gao)達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿，有(you)時也叫光桿。
銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電(dian)纜行業的(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方式主要有(you)兩種——連鑄連軋(ya)法和上引連鑄法。連鑄連軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方法較多(duo)，其特點是金屬在豎(shu)爐(lu)中融(rong)化后，銅(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄坯，然后進(jin)行多(duo)道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加工組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組織已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國(guo)內(nei)基本全部(bu)采用上引連鑄法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在感應電(dian)爐(lu)中融(rong)化后通(tong)過石(shi)墨模進(jin)行上引連續鑄造，之(zhi)后進(jin)行冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄造組織，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在20ppm以下。由(you)于制造工藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以在組織結構、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分布、雜(za)質的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式及分布等(deng)諸多(duo)方面有(you)較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性能(neng)跟很多(duo)因素有(you)關，如雜質的含(han)量(liang)、氧含(han)量(liang)及分布、工藝控(kong)制(zhi)等(deng)。下面分別(bie)從(cong)以上幾(ji)個方面對銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性能(neng)進(jin)行分析。
1、熔化方(fang)式對S等雜質的影(ying)響
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是通(tong)過氣體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在燃燒的(de)過程中，通(tong)過氧(yang)化(hua)和揮發作用，可一定程度(du)減少部分(fen)雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此(ci)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對原料(liao)要(yao)求相對低一些。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄生產(chan)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，由(you)于是用感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入的(de)S對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質的進入
在生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中，連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝需通(tong)(tong)(tong)過保(bao)溫爐、溜槽(cao)、中間包轉運銅液，相(xiang)對容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)材料的(de)剝落，在軋制過程(cheng)中需要(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過軋輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵(tie)質的(de)脫落，會給(gei)銅桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋中皮上(shang)和皮下氧化物(wu)的(de)軋入，會給(gei)低氧桿(gan)的(de)拉絲(si)造(zao)成(cheng)不利的(de)影(ying)響。上(shang)引(yin)連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產工藝流(liu)程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過聯體爐內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)材料的(de)沖擊(ji)不大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過石墨(mo)模(mo)內進行，所以過程(cheng)中可能產生(sheng)的(de)污染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進入的(de)機會較(jiao)少(shao)。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態(tai)時(shi)所溶(rong)解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析(xi)出(chu)，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)出(chu)現，顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑(su)性(xing)。
硫(liu)可以溶解(jie)在(zai)(zai)熔體的(de)銅(tong)中(zhong)，但在(zai)(zai)室溫下(xia)，其溶解(jie)度幾乎降低到(dao)零，它以硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)的(de)形式出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)，會顯著(zhu)降低銅(tong)的(de)塑性。
3、氧在低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中(zhong)分(fen)布形式及其影響
氧(yang)(yang)含量對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)線性(xing)能(neng)有著明顯的(de)影(ying)響。當氧(yang)(yang)含量增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)值時，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)斷線率最(zui)低。這是因(yin)為氧(yang)(yang)在與大部(bu)分雜(za)質(zhi)反應的(de)過程中(zhong)都起到(dao)了清除器的(de)作(zuo)用。適度(du)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)還有利于(yu)去除銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)含量為拉(la)線工藝提供(gong)了最(zui)好的(de)條件(jian)。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)物的(de)分布(bu)：在連續(xu)(xu)澆鑄中凝固的(de)最初階段，散(san)熱(re)速率和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)冷卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)物分布(bu)的(de)主要因(yin)素。不均勻(yun)(yun)冷卻會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿內部結構本質上的(de)差異(yi)，但(dan)后續(xu)(xu)的(de)熱(re)加工(gong)，柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)晶通(tong)常會(hui)遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微(wei)化(hua)和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)分布(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)物顆粒(li)聚集而(er)(er)產生(sheng)的(de)典型(xing)情況是(shi)中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化(hua)物顆粒(li)分布(bu)的(de)影(ying)響外，具有較小氧(yang)化(hua)物顆粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)桿顯(xian)示出較好的(de)拉線特性，較大(da)的(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造成應力集中點而(er)(er)斷(duan)裂(lie)。
無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式樣(yang)端口(kou)顯(xian)暗紅(hong)色，結晶組(zu)織疏松(song)。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量超出(chu)8ppm時，工(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變差，表(biao)現為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造及拉伸過程中斷(duan)(duan)桿(gan)及斷(duan)(duan)線率(lv)極具(ju)增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)是(shi)由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)織分(fen)布在境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相硬度高(gao)(gao)(gao)，在冷變形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)中容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量高(gao)(gao)(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)。因此(ci)，必(bi)須嚴格控制上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)藝及產品質量。
4、氫的影響
在上(shang)引(yin)連鑄中，氧(yang)含量(liang)控制較低，氧(yang)化物的副作用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體(ti)中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏松是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結晶的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析出(chu)(chu)并聚集而形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶前(qian)析出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又(you)可還原氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)而生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上(shang)引鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)液自上(shang)而下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)結晶，形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液結晶前(qian)析出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮(fu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內，結晶時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶界處(chu)，形成(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏松是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來源于上(shang)引生產過程中的(de)(de)各(ge)個工藝環節，如原料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木(mu)(mu)炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石墨(mo)結(jie)晶器未干燥等。因此(ci)，熔化爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面(mian)應(ying)覆(fu)蓋經烘(hong)烤(kao)的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常(chang)重(zhong)要。
在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中(zhong)，往(wang)往(wang)采用適(shi)度(du)控(kong)制氧含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液(ye)在鑄造過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)是自下而上結(jie)晶，銅液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧和氫(qing)所產生的(de)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)很容易上浮(fu)跑出，銅液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對(dui)銅桿的(de)影響較小(xiao)。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產(chan)電磁線(xian)等產(chan)品的過程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)桿的表(biao)面質量也需提(ti)出要求。需要拉制后的銅(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污。并(bing)通過扭轉試驗測量表(biao)面銅(tong)粉的質量和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)桿的復原情(qing)況來判定其好壞。
在(zai)連鑄連軋過程中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋制(zhi)(zhi)前，溫度(du)高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化層(ceng)，在(zai)軋制(zhi)(zhi)過程中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)軋輥的(de)(de)(de)轉動(dong)，氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒軋入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線表面。由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是高熔(rong)點脆性化合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋入較(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，當(dang)成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)外表面產生毛刺，給后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)涂(tu)漆造成(cheng)麻煩。
而(er)上引連鑄工(gong)藝(yi)制造(zao)(zao)的(de)無氧銅桿，由于鑄造(zao)(zao)和(he)冷卻完全與氧隔(ge)絕，后(hou)續亦無熱軋過程，銅桿表面無軋入(ru)表面的(de)氧化物(wu)，質量較好，拉(la)制后(hou)銅粉少(shao)，上述(shu)問題較少(shao)存在。
無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)也分進(jin)口設(she)(she)備做的(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)備做的(de),但目前進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)已(yi)無(wu)明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出來后(hou)區別不是很大,只要(yao)銅板選(xuan)的(de)好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)(she)備也能產(chan)出可拉(la)伸(shen)0.05的(de)銅桿(gan).進(jin)口設(she)(she)備一般是芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普的(de)設(she)(she)備,國產(chan)設(she)(she)備最好(hao)的(de)應該是上(shang)海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時間(jian)最長，軍工企業，質量可靠(kao)。
低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備國(guo)際主要有(you)兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線設備,英(ying)文(wen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)(shi)(shi)南京(jing)華(hua)新,江(jiang)西銅(tong)業,另(ling)一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫(feng)。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)是含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia),但(dan)目(mu)前有(you)的(de)廠家只能做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia).低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一般含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左(zuo)右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)是上(shang)引法,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種產品相對(dui)(dui)(dui)而(er)言(yan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)性 能更(geng)適應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能.但(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)拉絲(si)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)要(yao)苛(ke)刻(ke)些(xie),同樣拉伸0.2的(de)細絲(si),如(ru)果伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)好(hao),普通的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而(er)好(hao)的(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)斷(duan) 線(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)的(de)伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian),同樣的(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不(bu)(bu)定就(jiu)能拉到雙零(ling)五,而(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只能拉伸到0.1而(er)已(yi),當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)最細的(de)如(ru)雙零(ling)二(er)卻(que)非得(de)依(yi)靠進口(kou)的(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企業嘗試(shi)用剝皮(pi)的(de)方(fang)式來(lai)處理低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方(fang)面(mian)的(de)內容我還不(bu)(bu)是很清楚。
音響線一(yi)般反而喜歡用無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿,這和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿是單晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)(yang)桿是多晶銅(tong)有關。
氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿由于制造方(fang)法的不同，致(zhi)使存在差別，具有各自(zi)的特點。
一(yi)、關于氧的(de)吸(xi)入(ru)和(he)脫去以及它的(de)存在狀態
生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約(yue)2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法(fa)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)脫去，通(tong)常這(zhe)種桿的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)言可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)是常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但(dan)對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出(chu)現對材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)(chan)生負(fu)面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很低，所以(yi)這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織對韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)是不常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)則是常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷(xian)。
二、熱軋(ya)組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的區別
低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經(jing)過(guo)熱(re)(re)軋，所以(yi)其組織屬熱(re)(re)加(jia)工組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿時(shi)已有(you)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)出現，而無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度較高(gao)，需要較高(gao)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原因(yin)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)，再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能(neng)達幾個(ge)毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)少，即(ji)使通過(guo)拉制(zhi)(zhi)變形(xing)，但(dan)(dan)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)相對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還(huan)是(shi)(shi)較少，所以(yi)需要較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由桿經(jing)拉制(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次退火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續(xu)拉制(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量和對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實(shi)區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和成品(pin)導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜(za)，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)波(bo)動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和(he)可(ke)能存在(zai)的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別
無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性(xing)(xing)在(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與(yu)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)相(xiang)(xiang)比都是優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因外，無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)夾(jia)雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生產(chan)過程中(zhong)如果工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影響(xiang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能。如果桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化物能在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得(de)以彌(mi)補外，但(dan)比較麻煩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是有相(xiang)(xiang)當多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化物存在(zai)于(yu)“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影響(xiang)更直(zhi)接，故而(er)在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)時，為(wei)了減少斷(duan)線(xian)，有時要對(dui)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化物。
四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差別
兩者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)(wen)超導線中的低溫(wen)(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲間的間距只有(you)0.001mm.
五(wu)、從制桿(gan)的原材料到制線的經濟性有差別。
制(zhi)造無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量(liang)較(jiao)高的(de)原材料(liao)。一般，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優點比較(jiao)明(ming)顯(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得更(geng)為(wei)優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。
六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)制線(xian)工(gong)藝與無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)有所不同。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)藝不能照搬(ban)到無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝是不同的(de)。因為線的(de)柔軟性深受材(cai)料成份和制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線和退火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)影響，不能簡(jian)單(dan)地(di)說低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)或無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)誰軟誰硬。
