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導讀：由(you)于生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的兩者的工藝不同，所生產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的含氧(yang)(yang)量及外觀就不同。上引生產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)保護條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)(xia)的熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時(shi)(shi)也高(gao)達(da)700ppm以(yi)上，一(yi)般(ban)情(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法生產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時(shi)(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和(he)上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多，其特點是金屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆(jiao)管進(jin)入封(feng)閉的(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國內(nei)基本(ben)全(quan)部采用上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)感應(ying)電爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后(hou)(hou)通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)20ppm以(yi)下(xia)。由于(yu)制造(zao)工藝的(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)構、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)分布、雜質的(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸多方(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能跟很(hen)多因素有(you)關，如雜質(zhi)的(de)含量、氧(yang)含量及分布、工藝控制(zhi)等(deng)。下(xia)面(mian)(mian)分別從(cong)以(yi)上幾個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能進(jin)行分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜(za)質的影響(xiang)

連鑄連軋(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)桿主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)氣體的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)使銅(tong)桿熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)，在燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，通(tong)過(guo)氧化(hua)(hua)和揮(hui)發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質(zhi)進入(ru)銅(tong)液，因此連鑄連軋(ya)法對原料要求相對低(di)一些(xie)。上(shang)引連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產無氧銅(tong)桿，由(you)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)用感應電(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基(ji)本都(dou)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)入(ru)到(dao)銅(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)(rong)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)S對無氧銅(tong)桿塑性影響極大(da)，會(hui)增加拉絲斷(duan)線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工藝(yi)需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包(bao)轉運銅(tong)液，相對容(rong)易(yi)造成(cheng)耐火材(cai)料的剝落，在軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的脫落，會(hui)(hui)給銅(tong)桿造成(cheng)外(wai)部夾(jia)雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮上和皮下氧化物的軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)，會(hui)(hui)給低(di)氧桿的拉絲造成(cheng)不利的影響。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產工藝(yi)流程(cheng)較(jiao)(jiao)短(duan)，銅(tong)液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)聯體(ti)爐(lu)內(nei)潛流式完成(cheng)，對耐火材(cai)料的沖擊不大，結晶(jing)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模內(nei)進行，所以過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能產生(sheng)的污染(ran)源較(jiao)(jiao)少，雜質進入(ru)(ru)的機會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)會生產化合物的元素。在(zai)(zai)熔態銅(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶解(jie)(jie)一部分(fen)(fen)，但(dan)當(dang)銅(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解(jie)(jie)于(yu)銅(tong)中。熔態時所溶解(jie)(jie)的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)=氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體析(xi)出，分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體的出現，顯(xian)著降低了銅(tong)的塑性。

硫可以(yi)溶(rong)解在熔體的銅中(zhong)，但(dan)在室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎(hu)降(jiang)低到零，它以(yi)硫化亞(ya)銅的形式出現在晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)(jing)界處，會顯(xian)著降(jiang)低銅的塑(su)性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿中分布形(xing)式及其影響

氧(yang)含量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線(xian)性能有(you)著明(ming)顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量(liang)增加到最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低。這(zhe)是因為氧(yang)在與大(da)部分雜(za)質反(fan)應的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都起(qi)到了清除器的(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有(you)利于去除銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫，生(sheng)成水蒸氣溢出，減(jian)少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧(yang)含量(liang)為拉線(xian)工(gong)藝提供了最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連(lian)續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)初階(jie)段，散熱速率和均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻是決(jue)定(ding)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因素。不均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻會引起(qi)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但(dan)后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)細(xi)微化(hua)(hua)和均勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)聚(ju)集而產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小(xiao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)(li)容易造成應力集中(zhong)點(dian)而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變脆(cui)(cui)(cui)，延伸率下降(jiang)，拉伸式(shi)樣(yang)端(duan)口顯暗紅色，結晶(jing)(jing)組織疏(shu)松(song)。當氧(yang)(yang)含量超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝(yi)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)變差，表現(xian)為鑄造及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)線(xian)率極具增高(gao)。這是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)(cui)(cui)性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體，以網狀組織分布在(zai)(zai)境(jing)界上(shang)(shang)。這種脆(cui)(cui)(cui)性相硬度(du)高(gao)，在(zai)(zai)冷變形時(shi)將(jiang)會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機(ji)械(xie)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)下降(jiang)，在(zai)(zai)后續加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)容易(yi)造成(cheng)斷(duan)裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)含量高(gao)還(huan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導(dao)電率下降(jiang)。因此，必須(xu)嚴格(ge)控制上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝(yi)及產品質(zhi)量。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連(lian)鑄中，氧含量(liang)控(kong)制較低，氧化物的副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)唄**降低，但氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體中存在(zai)平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏松是(shi)在結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又(you)可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)銅(tong)液自上(shang)而(er)(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似錐型。銅(tong)液結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體在上(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)被堵在凝(ning)固組織內(nei)，結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時在鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存在于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時，則(ze)聚(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)和(he)疏松是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)上引生產過程(cheng)中的各個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔(fu)料木炭(tan)**、氣(qi)候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶器未干(gan)燥等。因此，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中的銅(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應(ying)覆(fu)蓋經(jing)烘烤的木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去(qu)除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵(duo)”，對提(ti)高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。

在(zai)連鑄連軋工藝中(zhong)，往往采(cai)用適(shi)度控(kong)制氧含量(liang)來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過程中是自下而上結晶，銅液中的(de)(de)氧(yang)和(he)氫(qing)所(suo)產生的(de)(de)水蒸氣很容易上浮跑(pao)出，銅液中的(de)(de)氫(qing)大(da)部分(fen)能(neng)被有效去除，因而對銅桿的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)較(jiao)小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品(pin)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面質量(liang)也需提出要求。需要拉制后的(de)(de)銅(tong)絲表面無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油(you)污。并通過(guo)扭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試驗測量(liang)表面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)(de)質量(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)復(fu)原情(qing)況來判定其好(hao)壞。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)過(guo)程中，從鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)制前，溫(wen)度高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣(qi)中，使鑄坯表(biao)面(mian)形成(cheng)(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)化層，在(zai)軋(ya)制過(guo)程中，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)線表(biao)面(mian)。由(you)于(yu)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)是高熔點脆性化合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較深的(de)(de)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具(ju)拉伸時(shi)，就會是銅(tong)桿外表(biao)面(mian)產生毛刺(ci)，給(gei)后(hou)續的(de)(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩。

而上引連鑄(zhu)工藝制造的無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完(wan)全與氧(yang)(yang)隔(ge)絕，后續亦(yi)無熱軋(ya)過程，銅桿表面(mian)(mian)無軋(ya)入表面(mian)(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)化物，質量較(jiao)好(hao)，拉制后銅粉(fen)少，上述問題較(jiao)少存(cun)在。

無(wu)氧銅桿也分進(jin)口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的和國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的,但目前進(jin)口產(chan)(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)明顯(xian)優勢，銅桿產(chan)(chan)(chan)品出(chu)來后區別不是很大,只要銅板選的好,生產(chan)(chan)(chan)控制比較(jiao)穩定,國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)可(ke)拉伸0.05的銅桿.進(jin)口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般是芬蘭奧(ao)托昆(kun)普的設備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的應(ying)該(gai)是上海的海軍廠(chang)的了(le)，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠(kao)。

低氧銅桿(gan)進(jin)口設備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家是(shi)(shi)(shi)南京華新,江西(xi)銅業(ye),另一種是(shi)(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內廠家是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源,天津大無縫。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)(rong)易(yi)區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種(zhong)產品相(xiang)對而言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆(qi)包線(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)更適(shi)應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉絲條件相(xiang)對要(yao)苛(ke)刻(ke)些(xie),同(tong)樣拉伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸線(xian)條件不好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉而好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但如(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)條件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定(ding)就能(neng)拉到雙零五,而普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉伸到0.1而已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有企業(ye)嘗試用(yong)剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來(lai)處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian).但有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)(rong)我還(huan)不是很(hen)清楚(chu)。

音響線一般反而喜(xi)歡用無氧桿,這(zhe)和無氧桿是單晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧桿是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿由(you)于制造方法的不同，致使(shi)存(cun)在差(cha)別，具有各自的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫(tuo)去(qu)以及它的存在(zai)狀態(tai)

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固溶度(du)約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保(bao)持相(xiang)(xiang)當時間后(hou)，被還原(yuan)而脫去，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)種桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最(zui)低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織上看(kan)，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)(zhe)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而言可以(yi)(yi)說是常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶界出現(xian)對材料的(de)(de)(de)韌性產生負面影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)(xiang)組織對韌性有(you)利(li)。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)多孔性是不(bu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則是常(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋(ya)組織和鑄(zhu)造組織的區(qu)別

低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經(jing)(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所(suo)以(yi)其(qi)組織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)破(po)碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿時已(yi)有再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大(da)，這是為什么，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高，需要較(jiao)高退火溫度的(de)(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)尺寸甚至能達(da)幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)(jie)少，即使通過(guo)拉制變形(xing)，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)(jie)相(xiang)對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是較(jiao)少，所(suo)以(yi)需要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)退火功(gong)(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退火要求(qiu)是：由桿經(jing)(jing)拉制，但(dan)尚未鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退火，其(qi)退火功(gong)(gong)率(lv)應比同樣(yang)情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼續拉制，在(zai)以(yi)后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)退火功(gong)(gong)率(lv)應留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)(he)對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區別執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)退火工(gong)藝(yi)，以(yi)保證(zheng)在(zai)制品和(he)(he)成(cheng)品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三(san)、夾(jia)雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿相(xiang)比都是優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿夾雜少，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定，無(wu)熱軋可能產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產過程中如果(guo)工藝不穩(wen)定，對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)量不穩(wen)定將直接影(ying)響桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能。如果(guo)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)是有相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對(dui)(dui)拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響更直接，故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)時，為了減(jian)少斷線(xian)，有時要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)桿采取不得已的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮(pi)，甚(shen)至二次剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)的韌性有差(cha)別(bie)

兩者都可以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線中(zhong)的低(di)溫級無氧銅，其(qi)細絲間的間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料(liao)到(dao)制線的經濟性有差別。

制造無氧銅(tong)桿要求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材(cai)料(liao)。一般，拉制直(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)優點比較明顯，而(er)無氧銅(tong)桿顯得更為(wei)優越的(de)是(shi)拉制直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅桿的制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿的有所不同(tong)。

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線工(gong)藝(yi)不能照搬到無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線工(gong)藝(yi)上來(lai)，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)是不同(tong)的(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)柔軟(ruan)(ruan)性(xing)深受材料成份(fen)和制桿(gan)，制線和退(tui)(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)影響，不能簡單地(di)說低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)或(huo)無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)(ruan)誰硬。