熱門關(guan)鍵詞：
來(lai)源：行業動態 閱讀：109331 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)工(gong)藝不同，所生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)含氧(yang)量及外觀(guan)就不同。上(shang)引生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)含量在10ppm以下(xia)，叫無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是(shi)在保(bao)護條(tiao)件下(xia)的(de)熱(re)軋，氧(yang)含量在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高(gao)達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情況下(xia)，此種(zhong)方法(fa)生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也叫光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)主要原(yuan)(yuan)料，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)方(fang)式主要有兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)較多，其特(te)點是金屬在(zai)豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)，銅液(ye)通過保(bao)溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入(ru)封(feng)閉的(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)冷卻(que)強(qiang)度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)多道次軋制，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)，原(yuan)(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)國內(nei)基本(ben)全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產，金屬在(zai)感應(ying)電爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷軋或冷加工(gong)(gong)(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)20ppm以下(xia)。由于制造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以在(zai)組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)分布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形式及分布等諸多方(fang)面有較大差(cha)別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性(xing)能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分布(bu)、工藝控制(zhi)等。下(xia)面分別從(cong)以上(shang)幾個方面對(dui)銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性(xing)能進行分析。
1、熔化方式對(dui)S等雜質(zhi)的影響
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是通過氣體的(de)(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在燃燒的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，通過氧化(hua)和揮發作用(yong)，可(ke)一定程(cheng)度(du)減少部(bu)分(fen)雜質進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋法對(dui)原料要求(qiu)相對(dui)低一些(xie)。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于(yu)是用(yong)感應電爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷(duan)線率(lv)。
2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜質(zhi)的進入(ru)
在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中，連鑄連軋工藝需通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包轉運(yun)銅(tong)液，相對容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料的(de)(de)剝落，在軋制過(guo)程中需要通過(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋中皮上和皮下氧化物的(de)(de)軋入(ru)(ru)，會(hui)給低氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)影(ying)響。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝流(liu)程較短，銅(tong)液是(shi)通過(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材料的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通過(guo)石(shi)墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程中可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)污染源(yuan)較少(shao)，雜質進入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)較少(shao)。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅會生產化(hua)合物的元素(su)。在(zai)熔態(tai)銅中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶解(jie)一部分，但當銅冷(leng)凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶解(jie)于(yu)銅中(zhong)(zhong)。熔態(tai)時(shi)所(suo)溶解(jie)的氧(yang)，以銅=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅共晶(jing)體析出，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅共晶(jing)體的出現(xian)，顯著降(jiang)低了銅的塑性。
硫可以溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅(tong)中，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾乎降(jiang)低到零(ling)，它以硫化亞銅(tong)的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處(chu)，會顯著降(jiang)低銅(tong)的(de)塑性。
3、氧(yang)在低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)中分(fen)布形式及其影(ying)響
氧(yang)含(han)量對(dui)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量增加到(dao)最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)(jia)值時，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)(zui)低。這(zhe)是因為(wei)氧(yang)在(zai)與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)過(guo)程中都起到(dao)了(le)清除(chu)器的(de)(de)作用。適(shi)度的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除(chu)銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)形(xing)成。最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)量為(wei)拉線工藝提供了(le)最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)條件。
低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)的分布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的最初階段，散熱速率(lv)和(he)均(jun)勻冷卻(que)是決(jue)定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)分布(bu)的主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻(que)會引起銅桿(gan)內部結構本質(zhi)上的差異(yi)，但后續的熱加工(gong)，柱狀晶通常會遭到破(po)壞，使(shi)氧(yang)化亞銅顆(ke)粒細微化和(he)均(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒聚集(ji)而產生的典(dian)型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒分布(bu)的影響(xiang)外，具有較小(xiao)氧(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒的銅桿(gan)顯(xian)示(shi)出較好的拉(la)線特性，較大的Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂。
無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉伸式樣端(duan)口顯暗紅色，結晶組(zu)織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現為(wei)鑄(zhu)造及拉伸過程中斷(duan)桿及斷(duan)線率(lv)極(ji)具增高(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)(xing)相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網(wang)狀組(zu)織(zhi)分布在(zai)(zai)境(jing)界上。這種脆性(xing)(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在(zai)(zai)冷變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會(hui)與銅(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿的機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降，在(zai)(zai)后續(xu)加(jia)工(gong)中容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)高(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控制上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝及產品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧(yang)含量控制較低，氧(yang)化物(wu)的(de)副(fu)作用唄**降低，但氫的(de)影響成為較顯著的(de)問題。吸(xi)氣后熔體(ti)中(zhong)存在(zai)平衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫從過飽和(he)的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫又可還(huan)原氧化(hua)亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于(yu)上(shang)引鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅液自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近(jin)似(si)錐型。銅液結(jie)(jie)晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)浮過程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固(gu)組織內(nei)，結(jie)(jie)晶時在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿(gan)內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫存在(zai)于(yu)晶界(jie)處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。
氫來源于上引生產過程中的各個工(gong)藝環節，如原料(liao)電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木炭(tan)**、氣候(hou)環境**、石(shi)墨(mo)結晶器(qi)未干燥(zao)等。因(yin)此(ci)，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中的銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應(ying)覆蓋經(jing)烘烤(kao)的木炭(tan)，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對(dui)提高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非(fei)常(chang)重要。
在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中，往往采用適度控制氧含量(liang)來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過程中是自下而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)(de)氧(yang)和氫所產生的(de)(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫大部分(fen)能(neng)被有效去除(chu)，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)電(dian)磁線(xian)等產(chan)品的過程中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的表面(mian)質(zhi)量也需提(ti)出要求。需要拉制后的銅(tong)絲(si)表面(mian)無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污(wu)。并通過扭轉試驗(yan)測量表面(mian)銅(tong)粉(fen)的質(zhi)量和扭轉后觀(guan)察銅(tong)桿(gan)的復原情況來判定其好(hao)壞。
在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)過程中，從鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)制前(qian)，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中，使(shi)鑄坯表面(mian)形成較(jiao)(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)制過程中，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動，氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是(shi)高熔(rong)點(dian)脆性化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，對(dui)于軋(ya)入較(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當成條狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會是(shi)銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產(chan)生(sheng)毛(mao)刺，給后續的(de)(de)涂(tu)漆造(zao)成麻煩。
而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制(zhi)(zhi)造的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于(yu)鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程(cheng)，銅(tong)桿(gan)表(biao)面(mian)無軋(ya)入(ru)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)氧化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制(zhi)(zhi)后銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問題(ti)較(jiao)少(shao)存在。
無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)也(ye)分(fen)進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但(dan)目前進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出來后區(qu)別不是很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制(zhi)比較(jiao)穩(wen)定(ding),國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan).進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)(de)了(le)，生(sheng)產(chan)時間最長(chang)，軍(jun)工企(qi)業，質量可靠。
低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿進口設備國(guo)際主(zhu)要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)南線設備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)南京華新,江西銅(tong)(tong)業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下(xia),但(dan)目前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只(zhi)(zhi)能做到50個(ge)PPM以下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種(zhong)產品相對(dui)(dui)而言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆包線性 能更(geng)適應些,如柔(rou)軟(ruan)性,回彈角,繞線性能.但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉(la)絲(si)(si)條件相對(dui)(dui)要苛刻(ke)些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si)(si),如果(guo)伸(shen)(shen)線條件不好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但(dan)如果(guo)放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線條件,同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就(jiu)能拉(la)到雙零五,而普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多(duo)只(zhi)(zhi)能拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而已(yi),當然做的(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如雙零二(er)卻非(fei)得依靠進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前有企業(ye)嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)有關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容我還不是很清楚。
音響(xiang)線一(yi)般反而喜(xi)歡用無(wu)氧桿,這和無(wu)氧桿是(shi)單晶(jing)銅,低(di)氧桿是(shi)多晶(jing)銅有關。
氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由于制造方法的不同(tong)，致使存(cun)在差別，具(ju)有各(ge)自的特(te)點。
一、關于(yu)氧的吸入和脫去(qu)以及它的存在(zai)狀(zhuang)態
生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)下吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持(chi)相當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)言可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界出現對材(cai)料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性產生(sheng)負面影響。而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)單相組織對韌(ren)性有利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱(re)軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區(qu)別(bie)
低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于(yu)經過熱軋，所(suo)以(yi)其(qi)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿時(shi)(shi)已(yi)有再結晶的(de)(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶粒(li)粗大，這(zhe)是為什么，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結晶溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有原因(yin)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為，再結晶發生在晶粒(li)邊(bian)界附(fu)近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶粒(li)粗大，晶粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫(hao)米，因(yin)而晶粒(li)邊(bian)界少，即使(shi)通過拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)變形，但(dan)(dan)晶粒(li)邊(bian)界相(xiang)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿還(huan)是較(jiao)少，所(suo)以(yi)需(xu)(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)。對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是：由(you)桿經拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)(dan)尚未鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)第一次退火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，在以(yi)后階段的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)應留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以(yi)保證在制(zhi)(zhi)品和(he)成(cheng)品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三(san)、夾(jia)雜(za)，氧含量波動，表面氧化(hua)物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別
無氧銅桿(gan)的可(ke)(ke)拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)所有線(xian)徑(jing)里與低氧銅桿(gan)相(xiang)比都是優越的，除(chu)上述(shu)組(zu)織原因外(wai)，無氧銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含氧量(liang)穩(wen)定，無熱軋可(ke)(ke)能產生的缺(que)陷，桿(gan)表氧化(hua)物(wu)厚度(du)可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產過程中如(ru)果工(gong)藝不穩(wen)定，對氧監控不嚴(yan)，含氧量(liang)不穩(wen)定將直(zhi)接(jie)影響桿(gan)的性(xing)能。如(ru)果桿(gan)的表面氧化(hua)物(wu)能在(zai)后工(gong)序的連續清(qing)洗(xi)中得以彌(mi)補(bu)外(wai)，但比較麻煩的是有相(xiang)當多(duo)的氧化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影響更直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)時(shi)，為了減少斷(duan)線(xian)，有時(shi)要(yao)對銅桿(gan)采取不得已的辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至(zhi)二次(ci)剝皮(pi)的原因所在(zai)，目的要(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)下(xia)氧化(hua)物(wu)。
四、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的韌性有差別
兩者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低(di)(di)溫超導(dao)線中的低(di)(di)溫級無(wu)氧銅(tong)，其細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.
五(wu)、從(cong)制桿的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經(jing)濟性有差別(bie)。
制造無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿要(yao)求質量較高的(de)原材料。一般，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線時(shi)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)優點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿顯得更為優越的(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線。
六、低氧銅桿(gan)的制線(xian)工藝(yi)與(yu)無氧銅桿(gan)的有所(suo)不同。
低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)能照搬(ban)到無氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)上來(lai)，至少(shao)兩者的(de)(de)退(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)是不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)深受材(cai)料成(cheng)份和制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線和退(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，不(bu)能簡單地(di)說低氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。
