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導讀：由于(yu)生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同，所生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)量及外觀就不同。上(shang)引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧(yang)含量在(zai)(zai)10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)(zai)保護(hu)條件下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)軋(ya)，氧(yang)含量在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有時(shi)(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情況下(xia)，此種方法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時(shi)(shi)也叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿是電(dian)纜行業的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要有(you)兩種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋法和(he)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法。連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)法較多，其特點是金屬在豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后，銅(tong)(tong)液通(tong)過保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)強度(du)進(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que)(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)行多道次(ci)軋制，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿國內(nei)基本全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金屬在感應電(dian)爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后通(tong)過石墨模進(jin)行上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后進(jin)行冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工(gong)(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以在組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量分(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)及分(fen)布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有(you)較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉制性能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分布、工(gong)藝控(kong)制等。下面分別從以上幾個方面對銅桿的拉制性能進行分析。

1、熔化(hua)方式(shi)對S等雜質的影響

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主(zhu)要(yao)是通過(guo)(guo)氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化，在燃(ran)燒(shao)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，通過(guo)(guo)氧(yang)化和(he)揮發作用(yong)，可一定程度減少部分雜質(zhi)進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法對原料要(yao)求相對低(di)一些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生(sheng)產無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用(yong)感應電爐(lu)熔化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝(yi)需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保(bao)溫(wen)爐、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間包轉運(yun)銅液(ye)，相對(dui)(dui)容(rong)易造成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)(de)剝落，在軋制過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會給(gei)銅桿(gan)造成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋中(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)(pi)下氧化(hua)物的(de)(de)軋入，會給(gei)低(di)氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲(si)造成(cheng)不利(li)的(de)(de)影響。上(shang)引(yin)連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產工藝(yi)流程較短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐內(nei)潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶(jing)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石(shi)墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所以過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)污(wu)染源較少，雜質進(jin)入的(de)(de)機會較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)(hua)合物的元素。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)一部(bu)分(fen)，但(dan)當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時(shi)所溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體析出(chu)，分(fen)布在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的出(chu)現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫可(ke)以溶(rong)解在(zai)(zai)熔體的銅(tong)中，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)室溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降(jiang)低到零，它以硫化亞銅(tong)的形式出現在(zai)(zai)晶粒晶界(jie)處，會(hui)顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅(tong)的塑性。

3、氧(yang)(yang)在低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)中分(fen)布(bu)形(xing)式及其影響

氧(yang)含(han)量對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線性(xing)能有(you)著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量增加到(dao)最佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷線率最低(di)。這是因(yin)為氧(yang)在與大(da)部(bu)分(fen)雜質(zhi)反應(ying)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都(dou)起到(dao)了清除(chu)器的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有(you)利(li)于去除(chu)銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫(qing)，生(sheng)成水蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)形(xing)成。最佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)量為拉線工藝(yi)提供了最好的(de)(de)條件。

低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿氧化物的(de)分布：在(zai)連(lian)續澆鑄中凝固的(de)最初(chu)階(jie)段，散熱速率和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)(tong)桿氧化物分布的(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素(su)。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會引起銅(tong)(tong)桿內部結構本(ben)質上的(de)差異，但后(hou)續的(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會遭到破(po)壞，使(shi)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)細微化和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)分布。氧化物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)聚(ju)集而產生的(de)典型情況是(shi)中心爆(bao)裂(lie)(lie)。除氧化物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)分布的(de)影響外(wai)，具有較小氧化物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿顯示出(chu)較好的(de)拉線特(te)性，較大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)容(rong)易造成(cheng)應力集中點(dian)而斷裂(lie)(lie)。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標，銅桿變脆(cui)(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)下降，拉(la)伸(shen)式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅(hong)色，結晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能變差，表現為鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過程中斷桿及(ji)斷線率(lv)極具增(zeng)高。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)能與銅生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅共晶體，以網狀組織分(fen)布在境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相硬度高，在冷變形(xing)時(shi)將會與銅機體脫離，導(dao)致銅桿的(de)機械性(xing)(xing)能下降，在后續(xu)加工(gong)(gong)中容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)高還能導(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿導(dao)電率(lv)下降。因(yin)此，必須嚴(yan)格控制上(shang)引連鑄工(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含(han)量控制(zhi)較低，氧(yang)化物的(de)副作用唄**降低，但氫(qing)的(de)影(ying)響成為(wei)較顯著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松是(shi)在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從過飽和的(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析出(chu)并(bing)聚(ju)(ju)集(ji)而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還原氧(yang)化亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上引(yin)鑄造的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅液(ye)自(zi)上而下(xia)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似錐(zhui)型。銅液(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上浮過程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固(gu)組織(zhi)內，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引(yin)的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚(ju)(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)的各個工藝環節，如原料電解(jie)銅的“銅綠(lv)”、輔料木炭(tan)(tan)**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未干燥等。因(yin)此(ci)，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的銅液表面(mian)應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的木炭(tan)(tan)，電解(jie)銅應(ying)盡量去(qu)除“銅綠(lv)”、“銅豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅桿質量非常重要。

在連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋工藝(yi)中(zhong)，往往采(cai)用(yong)適度控制(zhi)氧含量來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)(tong)液在鑄(zhu)造過程中是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)氧(yang)和(he)氫(qing)所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮跑(pao)出(chu)，銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)氫(qing)大部分(fen)能被有效去除，因而對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影(ying)響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁(ci)線(xian)等產品(pin)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面質量(liang)也(ye)需提出要求。需要拉制(zhi)后的(de)(de)銅絲表面無毛刺、銅粉(fen)少、無油污(wu)。并(bing)通過扭轉(zhuan)試驗(yan)測量(liang)表面銅粉(fen)的(de)(de)質量(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)后觀察(cha)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)復(fu)原情(qing)況來判定其好(hao)壞(huai)。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前(qian)，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄坯表面形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面。由(you)于氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是高熔點(dian)脆(cui)性(xing)化(hua)合物，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成條狀的(de)聚集(ji)物遇模具(ju)拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面產生毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成麻煩。

而上引連鑄(zhu)工藝制造(zao)的無(wu)(wu)氧銅桿，由(you)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)和冷卻完全(quan)與(yu)氧隔絕，后續亦(yi)無(wu)(wu)熱軋過(guo)程，銅桿表面無(wu)(wu)軋入(ru)表面的氧化(hua)物，質量較(jiao)好，拉(la)制后銅粉少(shao)，上述問題較(jiao)少(shao)存(cun)在。

無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿也分進(jin)口設(she)備做的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備做的(de)(de)(de)(de),但目前進(jin)口產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)已(yi)無明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)出來后區別不是(shi)(shi)很大,只要(yao)銅(tong)(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備也能產(chan)(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿.進(jin)口設(she)備一般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)備最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)上海的(de)(de)(de)(de)海軍廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最長(chang)，軍工企業，質量(liang)可靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口(kou)設備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線設備(bei),英(ying)文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家是(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內廠家是(shi)常州金源,天(tian)津(jin)大無縫(feng)。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)上容易區(qu)別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)(dan)目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引(yin)法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋(ya),兩種(zhong)產品相對而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)性 能(neng)更(geng)適應些(xie),如(ru)柔(rou)軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能(neng).但(dan)(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)(la)絲條件(jian)相對要苛刻(ke)些(xie),同(tong)(tong)樣拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)條件(jian)不好(hao),普(pu)通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)(la)而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條件(jian),同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉(la)(la)(la)到(dao)雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而普(pu)通(tong)(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然做的(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙(shuang)零(ling)二卻非得(de)依(yi)靠進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了(le).目(mu)前有(you)企業(ye)嘗試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)(dan)有(you)關(guan)這(zhe)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般反而喜歡用(yong)無氧桿,這和無氧桿是(shi)單晶銅,低(di)氧桿是(shi)多晶銅有關。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由于制造方法的不同，致使存在差別，具有(you)各自的特(te)點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫去以及(ji)它(ta)的存在狀態

生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)液態下吸(xi)入的(de)，而(er)上引(yin)法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相(xiang)反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還(huan)原而(er)脫(tuo)去，通(tong)常這(zhe)(zhe)種桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附近，這(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)說是(shi)常見的(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜(za)形式在(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出現對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)韌(ren)性(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)負(fu)面影響。而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低，所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)單(dan)相(xiang)組織(zhi)對(dui)韌(ren)性(xing)有利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)不(bu)常見的(de)，而(er)在(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)常見的(de)一種缺(que)陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和(he)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織的區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由(you)于(yu)經(jing)(jing)過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)(jing)破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)已有(you)再結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶粒粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)為什(shen)么，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結(jie)晶溫(wen)度較高，需要(yao)(yao)較高退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原因。這(zhe)是(shi)因為，再結(jie)晶發(fa)生在晶粒邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶粒粗(cu)大，晶粒尺寸甚至能(neng)達幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶粒邊(bian)界(jie)少(shao)，即(ji)使通(tong)過拉制變形(xing)，但晶粒邊(bian)界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是(shi)較少(shao)，所(suo)以需要(yao)(yao)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要(yao)(yao)求是(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次(ci)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應比同樣(yang)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼續拉制，在以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區別(bie)執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝，以保證(zheng)在制品和(he)成(cheng)品導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物(wu)和可(ke)能存(cun)在的熱軋缺陷(xian)的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉(la)性(xing)在所有線(xian)徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相(xiang)比都是優(you)越的(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定，無(wu)熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產生的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物厚度(du)可(ke)達≤15A。在連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產過程中如果工(gong)藝不(bu)穩(wen)定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控(kong)不(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩(wen)定將直接(jie)影響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如果桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物能(neng)在后工(gong)序的(de)連(lian)(lian)續清洗中得以(yi)彌(mi)補外，但比較麻煩的(de)是有相(xiang)當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物存在于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影響(xiang)更直接(jie)，故而在拉(la)制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)時，為了減(jian)少斷線(xian)，有時要(yao)對銅(tong)桿(gan)采(cai)取(qu)不(bu)得已(yi)的(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)(pi)，甚(shen)至二次剝皮(pi)(pi)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)所在，目的(de)要(yao)除去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物。

四(si)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的韌(ren)性有差別

兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低(di)溫(wen)超(chao)導線中(zhong)的低(di)溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從(cong)制桿(gan)的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟性有(you)差別。

制造無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原材(cai)料(liao)。一般，拉制直徑(jing)>;1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優點比較明(ming)顯，而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優越的(de)是拉制直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧銅桿的制線工藝與(yu)無(wu)氧銅桿的有所不(bu)同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)不(bu)能照(zhao)搬到無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)上來，至少(shao)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝(yi)是不(bu)同的(de)(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)(ruan)性深受材料成份(fen)和制桿(gan)，制線和退火(huo)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，不(bu)能簡單(dan)地說低氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰(shui)軟(ruan)(ruan)誰(shui)硬。