国产精品成人网站/两攻一受3p双龙h调教/玩弄人妻少妇500系列/人妻换人妻仑乱/国产成人一区二区三区别

導讀(du)：由于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的兩者的工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的含氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同。上引(yin)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當(dang)氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下，叫無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是(shi)在(zai)保護條(tiao)件下的熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有時(shi)也高達700ppm以上，一(yi)般情況(kuang)下，此(ci)種方法生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時(shi)也叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是電纜(lan)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)方式主要有(you)(you)兩(liang)種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產方法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是金(jin)屬在豎爐中(zhong)融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)，銅(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆(jiao)管進(jin)(jin)入(ru)封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)模腔(qiang)內，采用(yong)較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻強度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻，形成鑄坯，然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為(wei)熱加工組織，原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄造組織已經破(po)碎，含(han)氧量(liang)一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)國內基本(ben)全部采用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產，金(jin)屬在感應電爐中(zhong)融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)通(tong)過石墨(mo)模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄造，之后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為(wei)鑄造組織，含(han)氧量(liang)一般在20ppm以下(xia)。由于制(zhi)造工藝的(de)(de)不同，所以在組織結構、氧含(han)量(liang)分布(bu)、雜質的(de)(de)形式及分布(bu)等諸多(duo)方面(mian)有(you)(you)較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能跟很多因素有(you)關，如雜質(zhi)的(de)含量、氧(yang)含量及分布(bu)、工藝控制等。下面分別從以上幾個方(fang)面對銅(tong)桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能進行分析。

1、熔化方(fang)式對S等雜質的影響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿主要是通過氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒使(shi)銅(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒的(de)過程中(zhong)，通過氧化和揮發作用，可一(yi)定程度(du)減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液，因此連鑄(zhu)連軋法對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)無氧銅(tong)桿，由于是用感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)液中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔(rong)入的(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線率(lv)。

2、鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工藝(yi)(yi)需(xu)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對容(rong)易造成耐火材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成鐵(tie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫落，會給銅桿(gan)造成外(wai)部夾雜(za)。而熱(re)軋(ya)中(zhong)皮上和皮下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)入，會給低氧(yang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)絲(si)造成不利的(de)(de)(de)影響。上引連鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產工藝(yi)(yi)流程(cheng)較短，銅液(ye)是通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯體爐內潛流式(shi)完成，對耐火材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊不大，結晶是通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)污染源較少，雜(za)質(zhi)進(jin)入的(de)(de)(de)機會較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)合(he)物的元素。在熔態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以(yi)溶解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)(tai)時(shi)所(suo)溶解的氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分(fen)布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的出現(xian)，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫可以溶(rong)解在熔體的銅中，但在室溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降(jiang)(jiang)低到零，它以硫化亞銅的形式出現在晶粒(li)晶界處，會(hui)顯(xian)著降(jiang)(jiang)低銅的塑性。

3、氧在(zai)低(di)氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿中(zhong)分布形式及(ji)其影響

氧(yang)含(han)量對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)拉線性能(neng)有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量增加(jia)到最佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)斷線率最低。這(zhe)是因為(wei)氧(yang)在(zai)與大部分(fen)雜質反應的(de)過程中都起到了清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧(yang)還(huan)有利(li)于(yu)去除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)氫，生成水蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)形成。最佳(jia)的(de)氧(yang)含(han)量為(wei)拉線工藝提供了最好的(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化物的分布(bu)(bu)：在連續澆(jiao)鑄中凝(ning)固的最(zui)初(chu)階段，散熱速(su)率和均勻(yun)冷卻(que)是決(jue)定銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化物分布(bu)(bu)的主(zhu)要因素。不均勻(yun)冷卻(que)會(hui)引起銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿內(nei)部(bu)結構本質上的差異，但后續的熱加工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常會(hui)遭(zao)到破壞(huai)，使氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒細微化和均勻(yun)分布(bu)(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒聚集而產生(sheng)的典型情況是中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒分布(bu)(bu)的影響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿顯示出較好(hao)的拉線特性，較大的Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容易造成應力集中點而斷裂(lie)。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，拉(la)伸式(shi)樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結晶(jing)組織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能變(bian)差，表現(xian)為(wei)鑄造及(ji)拉(la)伸過(guo)程中(zhong)斷(duan)桿(gan)及(ji)斷(duan)線率極具增高(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)是由(you)于氧(yang)(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相(xiang)(xiang)，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組織分布(bu)在(zai)境界上。這(zhe)種脆性相(xiang)(xiang)硬度高(gao)(gao)，在(zai)冷變(bian)形時將會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離(li)，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性能下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)后(hou)續(xu)加工(gong)中(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)還能導致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電(dian)率下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須(xu)嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)上引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連(lian)鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制較低，氧(yang)化物的副作用唄**降(jiang)低，但(dan)氫(qing)的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體(ti)中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松是(shi)(shi)在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)溶液中析(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集而形(xing)(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可(ke)還原氧化亞銅(tong)而生成水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)引鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)液自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)液**形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)液結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)浮(fu)過(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)(xing)成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則(ze)聚(ju)集成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)，因(yin)此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)和疏(shu)松是(shi)(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中(zhong)的各個工藝(yi)環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器未(wei)干燥(zao)等。因此(ci)，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中(zhong)的銅(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋經(jing)烘烤的木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)非(fei)常重(zhong)要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝中(zhong)，往往采用適(shi)度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在(zai)鑄造(zao)過程中是(shi)自下而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氧和氫所產生(sheng)的水蒸氣很(hen)容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氫大部分能被有效(xiao)去除，因而對(dui)銅(tong)桿的影響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品(pin)的(de)過程(cheng)中，對(dui)銅桿的(de)表(biao)面(mian)質量也需(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)要(yao)拉制后的(de)銅絲表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)毛刺、銅粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并(bing)通(tong)過扭轉試驗(yan)測量表(biao)面(mian)銅粉(fen)的(de)質量和扭轉后觀察銅桿的(de)復原情況來(lai)判定其好壞。

在連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)，從(cong)鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高(gao)，完全暴露于(yu)(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面(mian)形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的氧(yang)化層，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥的轉動，氧(yang)化物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅線表(biao)面(mian)。由于(yu)(yu)氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅是(shi)(shi)高(gao)熔(rong)點(dian)脆性化合物，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅，當成條狀(zhuang)的聚集物遇模(mo)具拉伸時，就會是(shi)(shi)銅桿外(wai)表(biao)面(mian)產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而上引連(lian)鑄工藝制造(zao)的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面無(wu)軋入表面的氧(yang)化物，質量較好，拉制后銅(tong)粉少，上述問題(ti)較少存(cun)在(zai)。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)也(ye)分(fen)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)(kou)設(she)備做(zuo)的(de)和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備做(zuo)的(de),但目前進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)明顯(xian)優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不是很大(da),只要銅(tong)板(ban)選的(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩(wen)定,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備也(ye)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)出可(ke)拉(la)伸(shen)0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan).進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)(kou)設(she)備一般(ban)是芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普的(de)設(she)備,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備最好的(de)應該是上海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了(le)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)時間最長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備(bei)國際主要有兩種,一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線設備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華(hua)新,江西銅(tong)業,另一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設備(bei),國內廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目前(qian)有(you)(you)的(de)廠家只(zhi)能做到50個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)(zi)一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種產(chan)品(pin)相(xiang)對而(er)言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線性(xing)(xing) 能更適應些,如(ru)柔軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線性(xing)(xing)能.但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉絲條(tiao)(tiao)件相(xiang)對要苛(ke)刻些,同樣(yang)拉伸(shen)(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)(shen)線條(tiao)(tiao)件不(bu)好(hao),普通的(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉而(er)好(hao)的(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但(dan)如(ru)果放在好(hao)的(de)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)線條(tiao)(tiao)件,同樣(yang)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)(zi),低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定(ding)就(jiu)能拉到雙(shuang)零五,而(er)普通無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能拉伸(shen)(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然(ran)做的(de)最(zui)細的(de)如(ru)雙(shuang)零二卻非(fei)得依靠(kao)進口的(de) 無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有(you)(you)企業嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)有(you)(you)關這方面的(de)內容我還不(bu)是很(hen)清楚。

音響線一般反(fan)而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)是單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿(gan)是多晶銅有關(guan)。

氧銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧銅(tong)桿由(you)于制(zhi)造方法的不同(tong)，致(zhi)使存在差別，具有各自的特(te)點。

一、關于(yu)氧(yang)的(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)存在(zai)狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而上(shang)引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)(ze)相(xiang)反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持(chi)相(xiang)當時間后，被(bei)還(huan)原(yuan)而脫去，通(tong)常這種桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達(da)1-2ppm，從組織上(shang)看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊(bian)界附近(jin)，這對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而言可(ke)以說是常見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)(ze)很(hen)少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜(za)形式(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對材料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性產生(sheng)負(fu)面影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)，所以這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是均勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相(xiang)組織對韌(ren)性有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是不常見(jian)的(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)(ze)是常見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種缺(que)陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的區(qu)別

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)由于(yu)經(jing)(jing)過熱(re)軋，所以(yi)其(qi)組織(zhi)屬(shu)熱(re)加工組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)已經(jing)(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，這是為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原因。這是因為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)組織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒尺(chi)寸(cun)甚至能(neng)達幾個毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界少(shao)，即使通(tong)過拉(la)(la)制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界相(xiang)對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)還(huan)是較(jiao)少(shao)，所以(yi)需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅成功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉(la)(la)制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率應比(bi)同樣情況的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)(la)制，在(zai)以(yi)后(hou)階段的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率應留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余量和對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅切實區別執行不同的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在(zai)制品和成品導(dao)線的(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面(mian)氧(yang)化物和(he)可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉(la)性在(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)相比(bi)都是(shi)(shi)優(you)越的(de)，除上(shang)述(shu)組織(zhi)原(yuan)因外(wai)，無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)量穩定，無熱軋可(ke)能產生的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)化物(wu)厚度(du)可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產過程中如果工(gong)藝不穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)量不穩定將直接(jie)影響桿(gan)的(de)性能。如果桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)化物(wu)能在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)連(lian)續(xu)清洗(xi)中得以彌補外(wai)，但比(bi)較麻煩的(de)是(shi)(shi)有相當多的(de)氧(yang)化物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對(dui)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故(gu)而(er)在(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時，為了減少斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)，有時要對(dui)銅桿(gan)采取(qu)不得已的(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至(zhi)二(er)次剝皮(pi)的(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)，目的(de)要除去(qu)皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)化物(wu)。

四、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿的韌性有差(cha)別

兩(liang)者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線(xian)中的低(di)溫級無(wu)氧銅，其細絲間的間距(ju)只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿(gan)的原(yuan)材料到制(zhi)線的經(jing)濟(ji)性有差別。

制(zhi)造(zao)無(wu)氧銅桿要求質量較(jiao)(jiao)高的原(yuan)材料(liao)。一般，拉(la)制(zhi)直(zhi)徑(jing)>1mm的銅線時，低氧銅桿的優點(dian)比較(jiao)(jiao)明顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧銅桿顯(xian)得更為優越的是拉(la)制(zhi)直(zhi)徑(jing)<0.5mm的銅線。

六、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿的制(zhi)線工藝與(yu)無氧(yang)銅桿的有(you)所不(bu)同(tong)。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝不能(neng)照搬到(dao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)退(tui)火工(gong)藝是不同的(de)。因為(wei)線(xian)(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性深受(shou)材料成份和制桿(gan)，制線(xian)(xian)和退(tui)火工(gong)藝的(de)影響(xiang)，不能(neng)簡(jian)單地說低氧(yang)銅(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。