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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用于傳輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過(guo)江(jiang)海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所(suo)占比(bi)重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)路中用以(yi)(yi)傳輸和分配(pei)大(da)功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今(jin)已有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的使用至今(jin)已有百余年(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家(jia)T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅棒上(shang)包繞黃(huang)麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵管(guan)內(nei)，然后填充瀝(li)青(qing)混合(he)物(wu)制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創(chuang)了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝(li)青(qing)浸漬紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)(ren)S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在倫(lun)敦(dun)與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之(zhi)間敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越來越廣的應(ying)用。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)M.霍(huo)希(xi)施泰特(te)研制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣表(biao)面的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在北(bei)部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千(qian)伏超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)代(dai)已制成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為中(zhong)、低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏及(ji)以下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏以上)、超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏）以及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜以油(you)浸紙作(zuo)絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。其應用歷史最長。它安(an)全(quan)可靠，使用壽(shou)命長，價格(ge)低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是敷設(she)受落差限制。自(zi)從開發出不滴流浸紙絕(jue)緣后(hou)，解決(jue)了落差限制問題，使油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得以繼續廣(guang)泛應用。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)塑料有聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交(jiao)聯聚乙烯。塑料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜結(jie)構簡單,制造加工方便(bian)，重(zhong)量輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝(zhuang)方便(bian),不受敷設(she)落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制。因此(ci)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代粘性浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)趨勢(shi)。其最(zui)大缺點是(shi)存在樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡膠加上各種配(pei)合劑，經過充分混煉(lian)后擠(ji)包在導(dao)電線(xian)芯上，經過加溫硫(liu)化(hua)而成(cheng)。它柔軟，富有(you)彈性，適合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設(she)彎曲半徑(jing)小(xiao)的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固(gu)定(ding)敷設(she)在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)線路上作(zuo)輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電纜：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上(shang)）：聚乙烯電纜(lan)和交聯聚乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)纜：（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以上(shang)）。

基本結構：電力電纜的基本結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分(fen)組成(cheng)。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)部分，用來輸送(song)電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主(zhu)要部分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)線(xian)芯(xin)與大地以(yi)及不(bu)同相的線(xian)芯(xin)間(jian)在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離(li)，保證電(dian)能輸(shu)送(song)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)結構中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的作(zuo)用是保護電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)免受(shou)外(wai)界雜質(zhi)和水分(fen)的侵入，以及防止外(wai)力(li)(li)直接損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地少。一般(ban)埋(mai)設(she)于(yu)土(tu)壤中或敷設(she)于(yu)室內，溝道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離小，不用(yong)桿塔，占(zhan)(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)(zhan)地面上空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件(jian)和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性能穩定(ding)，可靠性高。

3具有(you)向(xiang)超(chao)高壓，大容量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)的更為有(you)利(li)的條件，如低溫(wen)，超(chao)導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電力電纜的型(xing)號

1.用漢語拼音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材料、內護層材料和結構(gou)特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示外護層構成，有(you)二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)數(shu)字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝層，無(wu)(wu)(wu)外被層。第一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示鎧(kai)裝，第二(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示外被，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維外被表(biao)(biao)示為(wei)41。

3.電纜型(xing)號按電纜結構的(de)排列一(yi)般依(yi)次序為：絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓(ya)和規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號后再加上說(shuo)明額定電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和標稱截面積(ji)的(de)。

型號詳(xiang)細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實(shi)心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙(shuang)層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套(tao)

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石(shi)油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式(shi)

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯被層(ceng)

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣平型連接線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙(yan)型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火型DH：防火型