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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出(chu)線(xian)(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)(de)主干線(xian)(xian)路中用(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已有(you)百年(nian)

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡(jian)介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅(tong)棒上(shang)包繞黃麻并(bing)將其穿(chuan)入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫德發明瀝(li)青浸漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德特福(fu)德之間敷設(she)了10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)敷設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)人M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布(bu),消除了絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發展(zhan)中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典在北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級可分為(wei)(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及特高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以(yi)油浸(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其應用歷史最長。它安(an)全可靠(kao)，使用壽命長，價格低(di)廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設受落差限制(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決(jue)了(le)落差限制(zhi)問題，使油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。常用(yong)的(de)塑料(liao)有聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)、交聯聚乙烯(xi)。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造(zao)加工方便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝(zhuang)方便(bian),不受敷(fu)設落(luo)差限制(zhi)。因此廣(guang)泛應用(yong)作(zuo)中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代(dai)粘(zhan)性(xing)浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)趨(qu)勢。其最大缺點(dian)是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加上各種配合(he)劑，經過充分(fen)混煉(lian)后擠包在導電線芯上，經過加溫(wen)硫化而成。它柔軟，富有(you)彈性，適合(he)于(yu)移動頻繁、敷設(she)彎(wan)曲半徑小(xiao)的場合(he)。

常用作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的膠料有天然膠-丁(ding)(ding)苯膠混合物，乙(yi)丙(bing)膠、丁(ding)(ding)基膠等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電纜(lan)：適用(yong)于(yu)固定(ding)敷設在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及(ji)以(yi)下的輸配(pei)電線(xian)路上(shang)作輸送電能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以(yi)下）：聚氯乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜(lan)，聚乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣電纜(lan)等(deng)。

3、高(gao)壓電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結構：電力電纜的基(ji)本(ben)結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層、屏蔽(bi)層和(he)保護(hu)層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電力電纜(lan)的(de)導(dao)電部分(fen)，用來(lai)輸送電能，是電力電纜(lan)的(de)主要部分(fen)。

2.絕(jue)緣層是將(jiang)線芯(xin)與大地以及不(bu)同相(xiang)的(de)線芯(xin)間在電氣上彼(bi)此隔(ge)離，保證電能輸送，是電力電纜結構中不(bu)可缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上的電力電纜一般(ban)都有導體屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)和絕緣(yuan)屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)保護(hu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免受(shou)外(wai)界雜質(zhi)和水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般(ban)埋(mai)設于土壤中(zhong)或敷(fu)設于室內(nei)，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中(zhong)，線(xian)間絕(jue)緣距(ju)離小，不用(yong)桿塔(ta)，占地少，基(ji)本不占地面(mian)上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣候條件(jian)和周(zhou)圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具(ju)有(you)向超高壓，大容量(liang)發展(zhan)的(de)更為有(you)利的(de)條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢語(yu)拼音(yin)第一個字母的(de)大寫表示絕緣種類、導體材料、內(nei)護層材料和結構特點(dian)。如用Z代表紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代表鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代表鉛（qian）；F代表分相（fen）；ZR代表阻燃（zuran）；NH代表耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二位數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第一位數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第二位數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜(lan)型號按電(dian)纜(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為：絕緣(yuan)材料；導(dao)體材料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品用(yong)型號、額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)規(gui)格表示。其方法是在型號后(hou)再加上(shang)說明額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓、芯數(shu)和(he)(he)標稱截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心(xin)皮(pi)聚(ju)(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁帶粘接屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防(fang)腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣安(an)裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣平型(xing)連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)