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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用于傳輸和(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于城(cheng)市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比(bi)重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)主干線(xian)路中(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸和(he)分(fen)配(pei)大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的使(shi)用至今已(yi)有(you)百年

主要分類(lei)

分(fen)類：按電(dian)壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使用至今已有百余年(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵(tie)管內，然(ran)后填充瀝青(qing)混合物制(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦(dun)與(yu)德(de)特福德(de)之間(jian)敷(fu)設(she)了(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍希施(shi)泰特研制(zhi)成分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消(xiao)除了(le)絕緣表面的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)切(qie)應(ying)力(li)(li)，成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)(de)(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。到80年(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電力電纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)）、高壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可按電流制分為交(jiao)流電纜(lan)(lan)和直流電纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)以油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。其應(ying)用歷史(shi)最長。它安全可靠，使用壽命長，價格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是敷(fu)設(she)受落差限制(zhi)。自(zi)從開發出(chu)不滴流浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決了落差限制(zhi)問題，使油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得以繼續廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)(su)(su)料絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)(su)(su)料的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的(de)塑(su)(su)(su)料有(you)(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑(su)(su)(su)料電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安(an)裝方(fang)便(bian),不(bu)受敷(fu)設(she)落差限制。因此廣泛應用作(zuo)中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)(you)取代粘(zhan)性(xing)浸漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是存在(zai)(zai)樹枝(zhi)化(hua)擊穿現象(xiang)，這限制了(le)它在(zai)(zai)更(geng)高(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上各(ge)種(zhong)配合(he)(he)劑，經過充分混煉(lian)后擠(ji)包在導電(dian)線芯上，經過加溫(wen)硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適合(he)(he)于移動頻繁(fan)、敷(fu)設彎曲半徑小的場合(he)(he)。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于固定敷設在交(jiao)流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配(pei)電(dian)線路(lu)上作輸送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低(di)壓電纜：（一般指35KV及以(yi)下(xia)）：聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一(yi)般為110KV及(ji)以上(shang)）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結(jie)構：電力(li)電纜的基本結(jie)構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部(bu)分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)部分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主(zhu)要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線芯與大地(di)以及(ji)不同相的線芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保(bao)證電能輸(shu)送，是電力(li)電纜結構中不可缺(que)少(shao)的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的(de)電力電纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)纜免(mian)受外(wai)界雜質和水分的侵入(ru)，以及防止外(wai)力(li)(li)(li)直接(jie)損(sun)壞電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)。一般埋(mai)設(she)(she)于土壤中或敷設(she)(she)于室(shi)內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地(di)(di)面上(shang)空間。

2可(ke)靠性高(gao)。受氣候條件和周圍環境影響小，傳(chuan)輸(shu)性能穩定，可(ke)靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超(chao)(chao)高(gao)壓，大容量(liang)發(fa)展(zhan)的更為有利(li)的條件，如(ru)低溫，超(chao)(chao)導(dao)電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說(shuo)明

電力電纜(lan)的型號

1.用漢語拼(pin)音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材(cai)料、內護層(ceng)材(cai)料和結(jie)構特(te)點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二位數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第(di)一位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示為(wei)41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結構的排(pai)列一般依(yi)次序(xu)為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內(nei)護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓和規格表示(shi)。其(qi)方法是在型號后再加上說明額定電(dian)壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型號詳(xiang)細(xi)說明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內(nei)通信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)粘接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金(jin)屬帶(dai)屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏(gao)填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層

33——單層細鋼絲(si)鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯被(bei)層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平型連接(jie)線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻(zu)燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型