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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用于(yu)傳輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于(yu)城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水(shui)下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)主干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中用以(yi)傳輸和分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)至今已有(you)百年(nian)

主要(yao)分(fen)類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級(ji)分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒上包繞黃麻(ma)并將其(qi)穿入(ru)鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青混(hun)合物(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約，開創(chuang)了地(di)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)瀝(li)青浸(jin)漬紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦與(yu)德(de)特(te)(te)福德(de)之間敷(fu)設了10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特(te)(te)研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除(chu)了絕緣表面的(de)正切應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典(dian)在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷(fu)設了380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)流(liu)(liu)制(zhi)分為交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣電力(li)電纜以油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣的電力(li)電纜。其應用歷史最(zui)長。它(ta)安全(quan)可靠，使用壽(shou)命長，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受(shou)落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制。自從開發出不(bu)滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣后，解決了落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制問題，使油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣電纜得以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓塑料(liao)(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單(dan),制造(zao)加(jia)工方(fang)便，重量輕，敷設安裝(zhuang)方(fang)便,不受敷設落差限制。因此(ci)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代(dai)粘性(xing)浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)樹(shu)枝化擊穿現象，這限制了(le)它在(zai)更(geng)高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡(xiang)膠(jiao)加(jia)上各種(zhong)配合劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在(zai)導電(dian)線芯上，經(jing)過(guo)加(jia)溫(wen)硫化而成(cheng)。它柔軟，富有(you)彈(dan)性，適(shi)合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠料有(you)天然(ran)膠-丁苯(ben)膠混合物，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按電壓(ya)等(deng)級分

1、低壓電纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設在(zai)交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以下的(de)輸(shu)配電線路(lu)上作輸(shu)送(song)電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一般(ban)為110KV及以上(shang)）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。

基(ji)本結構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的基(ji)本結構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護(hu)層四部(bu)分(fen)組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)導電(dian)部分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線(xian)芯與(yu)大(da)地以及不(bu)同(tong)相的線(xian)芯間在電氣(qi)上彼(bi)此隔離，保證(zheng)電能輸送(song)，是電力電纜結構中(zhong)不(bu)可缺(que)少的組(zu)成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一般(ban)都有導(dao)體屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)層和絕緣(yuan)屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜免受(shou)外(wai)界雜質和水分的侵入，以(yi)及防止外(wai)力(li)(li)直(zhi)接損壞電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占地少(shao)。一般埋設于土壤(rang)中或敷設于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)(bu)用桿塔，占地少(shao)，基(ji)本不(bu)(bu)占地面上(shang)空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性高(gao)。受氣(qi)候條件(jian)和周圍環境影響小，傳(chuan)輸(shu)性能(neng)穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超(chao)高壓，大容量發展的更為有(you)利的條件，如低溫(wen)，超(chao)導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用(yong)(yong)漢語拼音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示外護層構成，有二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)(zi)代表無鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無外被(bei)層。第(di)一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示外被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維(wei)外被(bei)表示為(wei)41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排(pai)列一般依(yi)次(ci)序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內(nei)護層(ceng)；外(wai)護層(ceng)。

4.電纜(lan)產(chan)品用(yong)型(xing)號、額(e)定電壓和規格表示。其方(fang)法(fa)是在型(xing)號后再加(jia)上(shang)說明額(e)定電壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護套(tao)S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙(shuang)層金(jin)屬帶屏(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護套(tao)      V——聚氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔(ge)離C——自(zi)承(cheng)式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型