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導讀：由(you)于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的兩(liang)者的工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的含(han)(han)氧量(liang)及(ji)外(wai)觀(guan)就(jiu)不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當(dang)氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在10ppm以(yi)下，叫無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在保護條件下的熱(re)軋(ya)，氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有(you)時也(ye)高達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情(qing)況下，此種(zhong)方法生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)外(wai)表光(guang)亮(liang)，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時也(ye)叫光(guang)桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)業的主(zhu)要原料，生(sheng)產的方(fang)式主(zhu)要有(you)(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的生(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點(dian)是金屬(shu)在豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過保溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)間包，從澆管進入封閉的模(mo)腔內，采(cai)用較(jiao)大的冷(leng)(leng)卻強(qiang)度進行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產的低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來(lai)的鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿國(guo)內基本全部采(cai)用上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產，金屬(shu)在感應電爐(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)通過石墨模(mo)進行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)進行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在20ppm以下。由(you)于制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝的不同，所以在組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量分(fen)布、雜質的形式及(ji)分(fen)布等諸多方(fang)面有(you)(you)較(jiao)大差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的拉制性能跟(gen)很多因素有關(guan)，如雜(za)質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分布、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分別從以上幾個(ge)方面(mian)對銅桿(gan)的拉制性能進行分析。

1、熔化方(fang)式對(dui)S等雜質的影(ying)響

連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅桿(gan)主要(yao)是通(tong)過氣(qi)體的燃燒使銅桿(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃燒的過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧化(hua)和揮發作(zuo)用，可一定程度減少(shao)部分(fen)雜質(zhi)進入(ru)銅液(ye)，因(yin)此連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋法對(dui)(dui)原料要(yao)求相對(dui)(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)，由于是用感應電(dian)爐熔化(hua)，電(dian)解銅表面的“銅綠”“銅豆”基本都熔入(ru)到(dao)銅液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入(ru)的S對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)塑性(xing)影響極大(da)，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷(duan)線率。

2、鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中雜質的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)工藝(yi)(yi)需通(tong)過(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅(tong)液，相對容易造(zao)成耐火材料的(de)(de)剝落(luo)，在(zai)軋(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成鐵質的(de)(de)脫(tuo)落(luo)，會(hui)(hui)給銅(tong)桿造(zao)成外部(bu)夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下氧化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)(hui)給低氧桿的(de)(de)拉絲(si)造(zao)成不(bu)利的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。上引連鑄法生產(chan)工藝(yi)(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較短(duan)，銅(tong)液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)聯體爐內潛流(liu)式(shi)完(wan)成，對耐火材料的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大(da)，結晶是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進行(xing)，所以過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)污染源較少(shao)(shao)，雜質進入的(de)(de)機會(hui)(hui)較少(shao)(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化合物的(de)元素。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中，氧可(ke)以(yi)溶(rong)解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧幾乎不溶(rong)解于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時(shi)所(suo)溶(rong)解的(de)氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體析出(chu)，分(fen)布在晶粒晶界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體的(de)出(chu)現(xian)，顯(xian)著降低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。

硫可以溶(rong)(rong)解在熔體的(de)(de)銅中，但在室溫下(xia)，其溶(rong)(rong)解度幾乎降低(di)到零，它(ta)以硫化亞銅的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)出現(xian)在晶粒(li)晶界(jie)處，會顯(xian)著降低(di)銅的(de)(de)塑(su)性。

3、氧在(zai)低(di)氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿中(zhong)分(fen)布形式(shi)及其影響

氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能(neng)有著(zhu)明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加到最佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)斷線率最低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大(da)部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)過程中都(dou)起(qi)到了清除(chu)器的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)還(huan)有利于去(qu)除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成。最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉線工藝提供(gong)了最好的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)的(de)分(fen)(fen)布：在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝(ning)固的(de)最初階(jie)段，散(san)熱速率和均勻冷卻是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)主要因素。不均勻冷卻會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質(zhi)上的(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)熱加工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)和均勻分(fen)(fen)布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚集(ji)(ji)而產(chan)生的(de)典型情況(kuang)是中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)影(ying)響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)示(shi)出(chu)較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特(te)性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容易造成應力集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變脆(cui)，延(yan)伸(shen)率下降(jiang)，拉(la)伸(shen)式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅色，結(jie)晶(jing)組(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能(neng)變差，表現(xian)為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過程中斷桿及(ji)斷線率極具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性相，形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組(zu)織分布在境界上。這種脆(cui)性相硬度(du)高，在冷(leng)變形時(shi)將(jiang)會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離(li)，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械性能(neng)下降(jiang)，在后(hou)續加工(gong)中容易造(zao)成斷裂(lie)現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還能(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導電率下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝及(ji)產品質(zhi)量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連鑄中，氧(yang)含(han)量控制(zhi)較(jiao)低(di)，氧(yang)化物的(de)副(fu)作用唄**降低(di)，但氫的(de)影(ying)響成(cheng)為較(jiao)顯(xian)著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，氫從(cong)過飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液中析出并聚(ju)集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫又可還原(yuan)氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于上引(yin)(yin)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)液自上而下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)液結晶(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)上浮過程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固(gu)組織內，結晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上引(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少(shao)時(shi)，析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏(shu)松是(shi)(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引(yin)生產過程中(zhong)的(de)各個工(gong)藝環節，如原料電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭(tan)(tan)**、氣候環境(jing)**、石(shi)墨結晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此(ci)，熔化爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)液表(biao)面應(ying)覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)(tan)，電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)應(ying)盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿質量(liang)非常重要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工(gong)藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度(du)控制氧含量來(lai)控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅液(ye)(ye)在鑄造過程中是自下而上結晶，銅液(ye)(ye)中的(de)氧和氫所產生(sheng)的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易上浮跑出(chu)，銅液(ye)(ye)中的(de)氫大(da)部分能被有效去除，因而對銅桿(gan)的(de)影響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電(dian)磁線(xian)等產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中，對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面質量(liang)(liang)也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛(mao)刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少、無油(you)污。并通過(guo)(guo)扭轉試驗測量(liang)(liang)表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)復原情(qing)況(kuang)來判定(ding)其(qi)好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋制(zhi)前，溫度(du)高，完(wan)全暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面(mian)形成較厚的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化層，在(zai)軋制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨(sui)著軋輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化物顆粒(li)軋入(ru)(ru)銅線表面(mian)。由于氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅是高熔(rong)點脆性化合物，對于軋入(ru)(ru)較深(shen)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅，當成條狀的(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅桿外表面(mian)產(chan)生毛刺，給后(hou)續的(de)涂(tu)漆造成麻(ma)煩。

而上引(yin)連鑄工藝制造的(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄造和冷卻完(wan)全與氧隔絕，后續(xu)亦無熱軋過程，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)表面(mian)(mian)無軋入表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)氧化物(wu)，質量(liang)較好(hao)，拉制后銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)，上述問題(ti)較少(shao)存在。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)也(ye)分進(jin)口設(she)備做的和國產設(she)備做的,但(dan)目前進(jin)口產品(pin)已(yi)無(wu)明顯(xian)優(you)勢，銅桿(gan)產品(pin)出來(lai)后區別(bie)不是(shi)很大,只要(yao)銅板選(xuan)的好,生(sheng)產控制比較穩定(ding),國產設(she)備也(ye)能產出可(ke)拉伸(shen)0.05的銅桿(gan).進(jin)口設(she)備一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的設(she)備,國產設(she)備最(zui)好的應該(gai)是(shi)上海的海軍廠的了，生(sheng)產時(shi)間最(zui)長，軍工企業(ye)，質(zhi)量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口(kou)設(she)(she)備國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線(xian)設(she)(she)備,英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西銅(tong)業(ye),另一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設(she)(she)備,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大無(wu)縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目前有的(de)(de)廠家只能做到50個(ge)(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)(ge)(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法(fa),低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品相對而(er)言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆(qi)包線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能更適應些(xie)(xie),如(ru)柔軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)能.但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)絲(si)條件相對要苛刻(ke)些(xie)(xie),同(tong)樣(yang)拉(la)(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si),如(ru)果伸線(xian)(xian)條件不(bu)好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放(fang)在(zai)好的(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)條件,同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能拉(la)(la)到雙零五,而(er)普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多(duo)只能拉(la)(la)伸到0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非(fei)得依靠進(jin)口(kou)的(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前有企業嘗試用(yong)剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian)(xian).但(dan)有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)清楚。

音響線一般(ban)反(fan)而(er)喜歡用無(wu)氧桿(gan),這(zhe)和無(wu)氧桿(gan)是(shi)單(dan)晶銅(tong),低氧桿(gan)是(shi)多晶銅(tong)有關。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于制造方法的不同，致使存在差別，具有(you)各(ge)自的特(te)點。

一、關于氧(yang)的吸入和脫去以及它的存在(zai)狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入是(shi)(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)下(xia)(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持相當時(shi)間后，被還原而脫去，通常這種(zhong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而言可以(yi)(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但(dan)對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)夾雜形式(shi)在(zai)晶(jing)界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)生負(fu)面影響。而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的區(qu)別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于(yu)經過熱軋，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)已有再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)(da)，這是為(wei)(wei)什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)溫度(du)較高，需要(yao)較高退(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因。這是因為(wei)(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)(da)，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達(da)幾(ji)個毫(hao)米，因而晶(jing)粒(li)邊界少(shao)，即使通(tong)過拉(la)制(zhi)變形(xing)，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界相(xiang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是較少(shao)，所(suo)以需要(yao)較高的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求(qiu)是：由桿(gan)(gan)經拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次退(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)應比同(tong)樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)(lv)(lv)應留(liu)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區別執行不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化(hua)物和(he)可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉性(xing)在(zai)所有線徑里(li)與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)，除上述組織原因(yin)(yin)外(wai)，無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)夾(jia)雜(za)少，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)，無熱軋可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)產(chan)過程中如果工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)將直接影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)連續清洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比較(jiao)麻煩(fan)的(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存(cun)在(zai)于“皮下”，對拉線斷線影響更直接，故而在(zai)拉制微(wei)細(xi)線，超微(wei)細(xi)線時，為了減少斷線，有時要(yao)對銅桿(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)得已的(de)辦(ban)法——剝皮，甚(shen)至二(er)次剝皮的(de)原因(yin)(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)要(yao)除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)韌性有差別(bie)

兩者都可(ke)以拉(la)到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導線中的低溫級(ji)無(wu)氧銅，其細(xi)絲間的間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原(yuan)材料到(dao)制線的經濟性有差(cha)別。

制(zhi)造無氧銅桿(gan)要求質(zhi)量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直(zhi)(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)銅線(xian)時(shi)，低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)優點比較(jiao)明顯，而(er)無氧銅桿(gan)顯得更為優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直(zhi)(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)銅線(xian)。

六(liu)、低氧銅桿的制線(xian)工藝與無氧銅桿的有所(suo)不同。

低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)不能照搬(ban)到無氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)上來，至(zhi)少兩者的(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同(tong)的(de)。因為線的(de)柔軟性(xing)深受材料成份和(he)制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線和(he)退火工藝(yi)的(de)影響(xiang)，不能簡(jian)單地說低氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。