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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用(yong)于(yu)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)于(yu)城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引(yin)出線路、工礦企業內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水(shui)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干(gan)線路中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)以(yi)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包(bao)括(kuo)1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)使用(yong)至今已有百(bai)年

主要(yao)分(fen)類

分類：按(an)電壓(ya)等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用至(zhi)今已有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其(qi)穿入鐵(tie)管內，然(ran)后填(tian)充瀝(li)青混合(he)物制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐(niu)約，開創了(le)(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人卡倫德發(fa)明瀝(li)青浸(jin)漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)倫敦與德特(te)(te)福德之(zhi)間(jian)敷設了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建成20千(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)的(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)敷設成60千(qian)(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)人M.霍希施(shi)泰特(te)(te)研制成分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)(le)絕緣表面(mian)的(de)正切應(ying)力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞(rui)典(dian)在(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制成1100千(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)伏的(de)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分(fen)為(wei)中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)(fu)）以及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上）。此外，還可按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕(jue)緣材(cai)料分

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜以油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的(de)電力(li)電纜。其應(ying)用歷史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)長(chang)，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設受(shou)落(luo)差(cha)限制(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后，解決了落(luo)差(cha)限制(zhi)問題，使(shi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電纜得以繼(ji)續(xu)廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層為擠壓塑料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常(chang)用的(de)塑料(liao)有(you)聚氯乙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單,制造加(jia)工方(fang)便，重(zhong)量輕，敷(fu)(fu)設(she)安裝(zhuang)方(fang)便,不受敷(fu)(fu)設(she)落差限(xian)制。因此廣(guang)泛應用作(zuo)中(zhong)低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取代粘(zhan)性(xing)浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了(le)它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)上各種配(pei)合(he)(he)劑，經過(guo)充分混(hun)煉后擠包在導電線芯(xin)上，經過(guo)加(jia)溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈(dan)性，適合(he)(he)于移動頻繁(fan)、敷(fu)設(she)彎曲半徑小(xiao)的場合(he)(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天(tian)然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等(deng)。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電纜(lan)：適用于(yu)固定敷設在交流(liu)50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電線路上作輸送(song)電能(neng)用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般(ban)為110KV及(ji)以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜和(he)交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜等。

4、超(chao)高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千(qian)伏及以上(shang)）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜的基本結構(gou)由線芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)保護層(ceng)四部分組(zu)成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部分(fen)，用(yong)來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部分(fen)。

2.絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)是將(jiang)線芯與(yu)大地以及不(bu)同相的線芯間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不(bu)可缺(que)少的組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電力電纜一般都有(you)導體屏(ping)蔽層和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層的(de)作用是保護電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜免(mian)受外界雜質(zhi)和水分的(de)侵入(ru)，以(yi)及防(fang)止外力直接(jie)損壞電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)(shao)。一般埋設(she)于土(tu)壤中(zhong)或敷(fu)設(she)于室內(nei)，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣距(ju)離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)(shao)，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地(di)面上空(kong)間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的(de)更為有利(li)的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)，如(ru)低(di)溫，超導(dao)電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力(li)電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母的(de)大寫表(biao)示(shi)絕緣(yuan)種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和(he)結構特點。如用(yong)Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)示外(wai)護層構成，有二位(wei)數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)被層。第(di)(di)一位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)(di)二位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示外(wai)被，如粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維(wei)外(wai)被表(biao)示為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結(jie)構(gou)的排列一般(ban)依次序(xu)為：絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內護(hu)層(ceng)；外護(hu)層(ceng)。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型(xing)號(hao)、額定電壓和規(gui)格表示。其方法是(shi)在型(xing)號(hao)后再加上說明額定電壓、芯數和標稱(cheng)截(jie)面(mian)積的。

型號詳(xiang)細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)纜

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶屏蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層(ceng)

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線(xian)(xian)；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)安裝(zhuang)軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)(xing)(xing)NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)