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導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)(zai)保護條件下的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高達700ppm以上，一(yi)般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮(liang)，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，有時也叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是電(dian)纜行業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)主要有兩(liang)種(zhong)——連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)(fa)和(he)上(shang)(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方法(fa)(fa)較多，其特點(dian)是金屬(shu)在豎爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液通(tong)(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包，從澆(jiao)管進入封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)腔內(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進行冷(leng)卻，形成鑄坯(pi)，然后(hou)(hou)進行多道次軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內(nei)基本全部采用上(shang)(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產，金屬(shu)在感應電(dian)爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou)通(tong)(tong)過石墨模(mo)進行上(shang)(shang)(shang)引連(lian)續鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進行冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在20ppm以下。由于制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所(suo)以在組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含量分布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸多方面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能跟很多(duo)因(yin)素有關，如雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及分布、工藝控制等。下面分別從以上(shang)幾個(ge)方面對銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能進(jin)行分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要(yao)(yao)是通(tong)過氣體的(de)(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧(yang)化和(he)揮發作用，可(ke)一定程度減(jian)少(shao)部分雜質進(jin)入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此(ci)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)對(dui)(dui)原料要(yao)(yao)求相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”基本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的(de)(de)S對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑(su)性影(ying)響(xiang)極大(da)，會增加(jia)拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質(zhi)的進入(ru)

在生產(chan)過程中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)工藝(yi)需通過保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液，相對(dui)容易造(zao)成耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過程中(zhong)需要通過軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)落，會給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成外(wai)部夾雜(za)。而(er)熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上和(he)皮(pi)下氧化物的(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)入(ru)，會給(gei)低氧桿的(de)(de)(de)拉絲(si)造(zao)成不利的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產(chan)工藝(yi)流(liu)程較短，銅液是通過聯(lian)體爐內潛(qian)流(liu)式完(wan)成，對(dui)耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶(jing)是通過石墨模內進行，所(suo)以過程中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染源較少，雜(za)質(zhi)進入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)機會較少。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅會生產化(hua)(hua)合物的元(yuan)素。在(zai)熔(rong)態銅中，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可(ke)以(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)一部分，但(dan)當銅冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅中。熔(rong)態時所溶(rong)解(jie)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)銅=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅共晶(jing)體析出，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅共晶(jing)體的出現，顯(xian)著(zhu)降低了(le)銅的塑性。

硫可以溶解在(zai)(zai)熔體(ti)的銅(tong)中(zhong)，但在(zai)(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零(ling)，它以硫化(hua)亞銅(tong)的形(xing)式(shi)出現在(zai)(zai)晶粒(li)晶界處，會顯著降低(di)銅(tong)的塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形式及(ji)其影響

氧(yang)含量(liang)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉(la)(la)線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量(liang)增加到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)低(di)(di)。這是(shi)因為氧(yang)在與大部分雜質(zhi)反應的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中都起到(dao)了(le)清除器的(de)(de)作用(yong)。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫，生(sheng)成(cheng)水蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔(kong)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧(yang)含量(liang)為拉(la)(la)線工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條件(jian)。

低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散(san)熱速率和均勻(yun)冷卻(que)(que)是(shi)(shi)決定銅桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻(yun)冷卻(que)(que)會(hui)引(yin)起銅桿(gan)(gan)內部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，但后續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會(hui)遭到(dao)破(po)壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)細(xi)微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)聚集(ji)而產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情況是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)顯示(shi)出較好的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線特(te)性(xing)，較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)容(rong)易造成應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷(duan)裂。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸(shen)率(lv)下降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式(shi)樣端口顯暗紅(hong)色(se)，結晶組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝(yi)性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造(zao)及拉伸(shen)過程中(zhong)斷(duan)桿(gan)及斷(duan)線率(lv)極具增(zeng)高。這是由于氧(yang)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)，以(yi)網狀組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)分布在(zai)(zai)境(jing)界上。這種脆性(xing)相硬度高，在(zai)(zai)冷變(bian)形(xing)時將(jiang)會與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)能(neng)下降(jiang)，在(zai)(zai)后續加工中(zhong)容易(yi)造(zao)成斷(duan)裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)高還能(neng)導致無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)及產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)中，氧含量控制較(jiao)低，氧化物的(de)(de)副(fu)作用唄**降低，但氫(qing)的(de)(de)影(ying)響成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體中存在(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏松是在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液中析(xi)(xi)出并聚(ju)集而(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液自上(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過(guo)程中被堵在(zai)凝固組(zu)織內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)(shi)，析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的各個工(gong)藝環節，如(ru)原(yuan)料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因此，熔化爐(lu)中的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應(ying)覆(fu)蓋(gai)經烘烤的木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡(jin)量去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中(zhong)，往往采(cai)用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅液(ye)(ye)在鑄造過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)是自(zi)下而上結(jie)晶，銅液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的氧和(he)氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易上浮(fu)跑(pao)出(chu)，銅液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的氫大(da)部分能被(bei)有效去(qu)除，因而對銅桿的影響(xiang)較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁(ci)線等產品(pin)的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)質量(liang)也需提(ti)出要求。需要拉制(zhi)后的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)無毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污。并通過扭(niu)轉(zhuan)試(shi)驗(yan)測(ce)量(liang)表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉的(de)質量(liang)和扭(niu)轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復原情況來判(pan)定其好壞。

在連鑄連軋過(guo)程中，從鑄造到軋制前，溫(wen)度高(gao)，完全暴(bao)露于(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表面(mian)(mian)形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)氧(yang)化層，在軋制過(guo)程中，隨(sui)著軋輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化物(wu)顆粒(li)軋入銅(tong)線(xian)表面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)是(shi)高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性化合(he)物(wu)，對(dui)于(yu)軋入較(jiao)深的(de)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)聚集(ji)物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是(shi)銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)(mian)產生毛(mao)刺(ci)，給后續的(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制(zhi)造的無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于鑄(zhu)造和(he)冷卻(que)完全與氧隔絕，后(hou)續亦無(wu)熱軋(ya)過程(cheng)，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面無(wu)軋(ya)入表面的氧化物，質量較好，拉制(zhi)后(hou)銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述(shu)問題(ti)較少(shao)存在。

無氧(yang)銅桿也分(fen)進口(kou)設備(bei)做的和國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)做的,但(dan)目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已(yi)無明(ming)顯(xian)優(you)勢，銅桿產(chan)(chan)品出(chu)來后區別不是(shi)很大,只要銅板(ban)選的好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可(ke)拉伸0.05的銅桿.進口(kou)設備(bei)一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的設備(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)最(zui)好的應該是(shi)上海的海軍廠的了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最(zui)長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠(kao)。

低氧銅桿進口設備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)美(mei)國(guo)南(nan)線設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西銅業,另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)常州(zhou)金源,天津大無縫。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)在10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)廠家(jia)只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)做到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)(ban)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)控制在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)采取的(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種產品(pin)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漆(qi)包(bao)線性 能(neng)(neng)(neng)更適應些,如(ru)(ru)柔軟性,回(hui)彈角,繞線性能(neng)(neng)(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)拉(la)絲條件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)要苛刻些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線條件(jian)不(bu)好,普通的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但(dan)如(ru)(ru)果放在好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)說(shuo)不(bu)定就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)到(dao)雙零(ling)五,而(er)普通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零(ling)二(er)卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)了(le).目(mu)前有(you)企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)有(you)關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般(ban)反而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是單晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿是多晶銅(tong)有(you)關(guan)。

氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)不同，致(zhi)使(shi)存(cun)在差別，具有各自的(de)特點。

一、關于氧的(de)(de)吸入和脫去以(yi)及它的(de)(de)存(cun)在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度(du)約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被還(huan)原(yuan)而(er)脫去，通常這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織(zhi)上(shang)看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言(yan)可以(yi)說是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很(hen)少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜(za)形式在(zai)晶界出現(xian)對材(cai)料的(de)(de)韌性產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)，所(suo)以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相組織(zhi)對韌性有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不(bu)常見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)區別(bie)

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)過熱軋，所以其(qi)組(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已有(you)再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這(zhe)是(shi)為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高，需要(yao)較(jiao)高退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這(zhe)是(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)發生在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚(shen)至能達(da)幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少，即使通過拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)形(xing)，但晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以需要(yao)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求是(shi)：由桿(gan)經(jing)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但尚(shang)未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次退(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應比(bi)同樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝，以保(bao)證在制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品和成品導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量(liang)波動，表面氧化物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差(cha)別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)可拉性在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有(you)線徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相(xiang)比(bi)都是(shi)(shi)優越(yue)的(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因(yin)外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾(jia)雜少(shao)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無熱軋(ya)可能產生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚(hou)度可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生產過程中如果工藝(yi)不穩定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴(yan)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩定(ding)將直接(jie)影(ying)響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)性能。如果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)工序的(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌(mi)補外，但比(bi)較麻煩(fan)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)有(you)相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)“皮(pi)下”，對(dui)拉線斷(duan)線影(ying)響更直接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉制微(wei)細線，超微(wei)細線時(shi)，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線，有(you)時(shi)要對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不得已的(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)原因(yin)所在(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的(de)韌性有差別

兩(liang)者都可以拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導線中的低溫級無(wu)氧銅(tong)，其細(xi)絲間的間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料(liao)到(dao)制線(xian)的經濟性有(you)差別。

制造無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材料。一(yi)般，拉制直(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯得(de)更為優(you)越的(de)是(shi)拉制直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的有所不同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)不能照(zhao)搬到(dao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)上來，至(zhi)少兩者的(de)(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)深(shen)受材料成份和制(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)線和退火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，不能簡(jian)單地說低氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。