熱(re)門關鍵詞：
來源：行(xing)業動態 閱讀：109401 發布時(shi)間：2019-07-05
導讀(du)：由于(yu)生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)工藝不同，所生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧量及外觀(guan)就不同。上(shang)引(yin)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當氧含(han)量在10ppm以(yi)下，叫(jiao)(jiao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan) 是在保護條件下的(de)(de)熱軋，氧含(han)量在200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但(dan)有(you)時(shi)也高達(da)700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情況下，此種(zhong)方(fang)法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)外表光(guang)亮，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)(jiao)光(guang)桿(gan)。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電(dian)纜行(xing)業的主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的方式主要有兩(liang)種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)和(he)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方法(fa)較(jiao)多(duo)，其特點是金(jin)屬在豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)(rong)化(hua)后，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包(bao)，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的模腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)大的冷(leng)卻強度(du)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次(ci)軋(ya)(ya)制，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內基(ji)本全部采用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金(jin)屬在感(gan)應電(dian)爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)(rong)化(hua)后通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造，之后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在20ppm以下。由于制造工藝的不同，所(suo)以在組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)分布、雜質的形式及(ji)分布等諸多(duo)方面(mian)有較(jiao)大差別(bie)。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿的(de)拉制(zhi)性能(neng)跟很多因素(su)有關，如雜質的(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)布、工藝(yi)控制(zhi)等。下(xia)面(mian)(mian)分(fen)別從(cong)以上幾個方面(mian)(mian)對銅(tong)桿的(de)拉制(zhi)性能(neng)進行分(fen)析。
1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影響
連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產銅(tong)桿主要是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)氣體(ti)的(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)使銅(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，通(tong)過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化和揮發作(zuo)用，可一定程(cheng)度減少部分(fen)雜質(zhi)進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)液，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)對原料要求相(xiang)對低一些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生產無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿，由(you)于是(shi)用感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)表(biao)面的(de)“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)到(dao)銅(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)S對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿塑性影響(xiang)極(ji)大(da)，會增加(jia)拉絲(si)斷線率。
2、鑄造過(guo)程中雜質的(de)進入
在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋工藝需(xu)(xu)通過(guo)保(bao)溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)，相對(dui)容(rong)易造(zao)成耐火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)剝(bo)落(luo)，在(zai)軋制過(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)(xu)要通過(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)給銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成外部(bu)夾雜。而(er)熱軋中(zhong)皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下(xia)氧化物的(de)(de)(de)軋入，會(hui)給低氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成不利的(de)(de)(de)影響。上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)法生產(chan)工藝流(liu)程較(jiao)短，銅(tong)液(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流(liu)式(shi)完成，對(dui)耐火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶是(shi)通過(guo)石(shi)墨(mo)模內進行，所以(yi)過(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染源較(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)進入的(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)合(he)物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以(yi)溶解一部分(fen)，但當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態時所溶解的(de)氧(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體的(de)出現(xian)，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
硫可以溶解在(zai)(zai)熔體(ti)的銅(tong)中，但在(zai)(zai)室溫(wen)下，其溶解度(du)幾(ji)乎降(jiang)低(di)到零，它以硫化亞銅(tong)的形式出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)晶粒晶界處(chu)，會顯著降(jiang)低(di)銅(tong)的塑性。
3、氧在低氧銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)中(zhong)分布形式及其影(ying)響(xiang)
氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線性能有著明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)增加到(dao)最佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中都起(qi)到(dao)了清除器的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)還(huan)有利于去除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)拉(la)線工藝(yi)提供了最好的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的分(fen)布(bu)：在連續(xu)澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)凝固的最初階段(duan)，散熱(re)速(su)率和均(jun)勻冷卻(que)是決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的主要因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻冷卻(que)會引起(qi)銅(tong)桿內部結構本(ben)質上的差異，但后(hou)續(xu)的熱(re)加工(gong)，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒細微(wei)化(hua)和均(jun)勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒聚集而(er)產生的典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)(zhong)心爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒分(fen)布(bu)的影響外，具有較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒的銅(tong)桿顯示(shi)出較(jiao)(jiao)好的拉線特性，較(jiao)(jiao)大的Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容(rong)易造成應(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。
無氧(yang)銅(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)(cui)，延伸率下(xia)降，拉伸式(shi)樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結(jie)晶組(zu)織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝(yi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變差(cha)，表(biao)現為鑄造(zao)及(ji)(ji)拉伸過程中斷(duan)桿(gan)及(ji)(ji)斷(duan)線率極具增(zeng)高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)生成氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)，形(xing)成銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶體，以(yi)網狀組(zu)織分(fen)布在(zai)境(jing)界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)硬度(du)高(gao)，在(zai)冷變形(xing)時將會與銅(tong)機體脫離，導致銅(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降，在(zai)后續加工中容易造(zao)成斷(duan)裂(lie)現象。氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)還(huan)能(neng)導致無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)導電率下(xia)降。因(yin)此，必(bi)須(xu)嚴格控制上引連鑄工藝(yi)及(ji)(ji)產品質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中，氧含量控制較低，氧化(hua)物的(de)(de)副作用唄**降低，但氫(qing)的(de)(de)影響成(cheng)為(wei)較顯著的(de)(de)問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體中存在(zai)平衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)(guo)飽和的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又(you)可還(huan)原(yuan)氧化亞銅而(er)(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引(yin)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅液(ye)自(zi)上而(er)(er)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅液(ye)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在上浮過(guo)(guo)程中被堵在凝固組(zu)織內，結晶(jing)時在鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少(shao)時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多(duo)時，則(ze)聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。
氫(qing)來源(yuan)于上引生產過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)各個(ge)工(gong)藝環節，如原(yuan)料電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木(mu)炭**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器未干燥等。因(yin)此(ci)，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的(de)(de)銅(tong)液表(biao)面應覆蓋經烘烤的(de)(de)木(mu)炭，電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)應盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)去除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對(dui)提高無氧銅(tong)桿質量(liang)(liang)非常(chang)重要。
在連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采(cai)用適(shi)度控制氧(yang)含(han)量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液(ye)在鑄造過程中是自下而上結(jie)晶，銅液(ye)中的(de)氧和氫所產(chan)生的(de)水(shui)蒸氣很容易上浮跑出，銅液(ye)中的(de)氫大部分能(neng)被有(you)效去(qu)除，因而對銅桿的(de)影響(xiang)較小。
二、表面質量
在(zai)生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面質(zhi)量(liang)也需提(ti)出要求。需要拉制后的(de)銅(tong)絲表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污(wu)。并通過扭轉試(shi)驗測量(liang)表面銅(tong)粉的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原情(qing)況來判(pan)定其好壞。
在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)造到(dao)軋(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高(gao)，完全(quan)暴露于(yu)空氣中，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)(de)氧化層，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中，隨(sui)著軋(ya)輥(gun)的(de)(de)(de)轉動，氧化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒軋(ya)入銅線表(biao)面。由于(yu)氧化亞銅是(shi)高(gao)熔點脆性化合(he)物(wu)(wu)，對(dui)于(yu)軋(ya)入較深的(de)(de)(de)氧化亞銅，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)(de)聚集物(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸時(shi)，就會是(shi)銅桿外表(biao)面產生毛(mao)刺(ci)，給后續的(de)(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。
而上(shang)引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄造(zao)和(he)冷卻完(wan)全(quan)與(yu)氧隔絕(jue)，后(hou)(hou)續亦無熱軋過(guo)程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表(biao)面無軋入表(biao)面的氧化物，質量較好，拉制后(hou)(hou)銅(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)(shao)，上(shang)述問題較少(shao)(shao)存在(zai)。
無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿也(ye)分(fen)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的(de)和國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的(de),但目前(qian)進(jin)(jin)口(kou)產(chan)品(pin)已無明顯(xian)優勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿產(chan)品(pin)出來后(hou)區(qu)別不是很大,只要銅(tong)(tong)板選的(de)好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)控(kong)制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿.進(jin)(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)設(she)備(bei),國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)了(le)，生(sheng)產(chan)時間(jian)最(zui)長(chang)，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。
低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備(bei)國際主要(yao)有兩種(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)美國南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家(jia)是(shi)南京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)德國CONTIROD設備(bei),國內廠家(jia)是(shi)常(chang)州金源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容(rong)易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目前(qian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)做到50個(ge)PPM以下.低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制(zhi)在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)引法(fa),低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩(liang)種產品相對(dui)而言(yan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)更適應些,如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)性能(neng)(neng).但低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)拉絲條(tiao)件(jian)相對(dui)要(yao)苛(ke)刻些,同樣拉伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不好,普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而好的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)(jiu)斷 線(xian),但如(ru)果放在好的(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不定(ding)就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)(neng)拉到雙零五,而普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最(zui)多(duo)只能(neng)(neng)拉伸到0.1而已(yi),當(dang)然做的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了.目前(qian)有(you)企業嘗(chang)試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)來(lai)處(chu)理低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian).但有(you)關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不是(shi)(shi)很清楚(chu)。
音(yin)響線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan),這(zhe)和(he)無氧桿(gan)是單晶銅,低氧桿(gan)是多晶銅有關。
氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的不(bu)同，致使(shi)存在差別，具有各自的特點(dian)。
一、關(guan)于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)存在狀態
生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當(dang)時間后，被還原而脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種(zhong)(zhong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)(di)(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從(cong)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上看，低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而言可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界出現(xian)對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)生負(fu)面影響。而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中則(ze)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于經過熱(re)軋，所以其組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)經破(po)碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有再結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)，這是(shi)為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)溫度(du)較高，需(xu)(xu)要較高退火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有原因。這是(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附(fu)近(jin)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾(ji)個(ge)毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使通(tong)過拉(la)制(zhi)變(bian)形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較少，所以需(xu)(xu)要較高的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)要求是(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)經拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經繼(ji)續(xu)拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝，以保證在(zai)制(zhi)品和成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。
三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化(hua)物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿相比都是優越的(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋可能(neng)(neng)產生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)厚度可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋生產過程中如果工藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控(kong)不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直接影響桿的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。如果桿的(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)(dui)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影響更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微(wei)(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，為(wei)了減少斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有時要對(dui)(dui)銅桿采取不(bu)(bu)得已的(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝皮，甚至二(er)次剝皮的(de)(de)原因(yin)所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)。
四(si)、低氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿的韌性有差別
兩(liang)者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中的(de)低溫(wen)級無氧銅(tong)，其(qi)細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從(cong)制(zhi)桿的原材料到制(zhi)線的經濟性有差(cha)別。
制造無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)要求(qiu)質量較(jiao)高的原(yuan)材料。一般，拉制直徑(jing)>1mm的銅(tong)線(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的優點(dian)比較(jiao)明顯，而(er)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯得更(geng)為(wei)優越的是拉制直徑(jing)<0.5mm的銅(tong)線(xian)。
六、低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制線工藝與無(wu)氧銅桿的(de)有所不同。
低氧銅桿的制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)照搬到(dao)無氧銅桿的制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)上來(lai)，至少兩者的退火工(gong)藝(yi)是不(bu)同的。因(yin)為線的柔軟性(xing)深受材(cai)料成份和制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線和退火工(gong)藝(yi)的影(ying)響，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)簡單地說低氧銅或無氧銅誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬(ying)。
