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導讀：由于生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅桿(gan)的(de)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)工藝不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同。上(shang)引生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿(gan) 是(shi)在保護(hu)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時(shi)也高達(da)700ppm以上(shang)，一般情況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅外表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)，有時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電纜(lan)行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料，生產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主(zhu)要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)豎爐(lu)(lu)中融化后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液通過保溫爐(lu)(lu)、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)模(mo)腔(qiang)內，采用較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加(jia)(jia)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎(sui)，含氧量一般(ban)為200~400ppm之間。無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內基本全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)感(gan)應電爐(lu)(lu)中融化后(hou)通過石墨模(mo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含氧量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以(yi)下(xia)。由于制造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)、氧含量分(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)形式(shi)及分(fen)布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有較(jiao)大(da)差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性(xing)能跟很多因(yin)素有(you)關，如雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及分(fen)布、工藝控(kong)制等。下面(mian)分(fen)別從以上幾(ji)個方(fang)面(mian)對銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性(xing)能進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜質的影(ying)響(xiang)

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通(tong)過(guo)氣體的(de)(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，通(tong)過(guo)氧(yang)化和揮發作用，可(ke)一(yi)定程(cheng)度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因(yin)此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原料(liao)要求相對低一(yi)些(xie)。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用感應電(dian)爐(lu)熔(rong)化，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)入的(de)(de)S對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響(xiang)極(ji)大，會(hui)增加(jia)拉(la)絲斷線率。

2、鑄(zhu)造過程中雜質的進(jin)入

在(zai)生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝(yi)需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)包轉(zhuan)運銅液，相對容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)剝落，在(zai)軋制過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫落，會(hui)給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜(za)。而熱軋中(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下氧化物的(de)軋入，會(hui)給(gei)低氧桿的(de)拉絲(si)造(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)的(de)影響。上(shang)引(yin)連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產工藝(yi)流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較短，銅液是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐內潛流式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材(cai)料(liao)的(de)沖擊不大(da)，結(jie)晶是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨(mo)模內進行，所以過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)污(wu)染源(yuan)較少(shao)，雜(za)質進入的(de)機(ji)會(hui)較少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會(hui)生(sheng)產化合物的(de)元素(su)。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分，但(dan)當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態(tai)時所溶(rong)解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)析出，分布在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。

硫(liu)可以溶解在(zai)熔體的銅中(zhong)，但在(zai)室(shi)溫下，其溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零，它以硫(liu)化亞銅的形式(shi)出現在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)(jing)界處，會顯著(zhu)降低(di)銅的塑性(xing)。

3、氧在低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)中分布形式及其(qi)影響(xiang)

氧含量(liang)(liang)對(dui)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉線性(xing)能有(you)著(zhu)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。當(dang)氧含量(liang)(liang)增加到最佳(jia)值(zhi)時，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)斷線率最低。這是因為氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都起到了清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧還有(you)利(li)于去除(chu)銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣溢出(chu)，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧含量(liang)(liang)為拉線工(gong)藝提供了最好的(de)(de)條件。

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連(lian)續(xu)澆鑄中凝固(gu)的(de)(de)最初(chu)階段，散(san)熱(re)(re)速率(lv)和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素。不均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻會引起(qi)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常(chang)會遭到(dao)破壞(huai)，使氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒細微化和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒聚集(ji)而產(chan)生的(de)(de)典(dian)型情況(kuang)是中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)影響外，具(ju)有較小氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)示出較好的(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容易(yi)造成(cheng)應力集(ji)中點(dian)而斷裂(lie)。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)(bian)脆，延伸率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅(hong)色(se)，結晶組(zu)織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷桿(gan)及斷線率極具(ju)增高(gao)。這(zhe)是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)織(zhi)分(fen)布(bu)在境界上。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在冷(leng)變(bian)(bian)形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫(tuo)離(li)，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)機械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在后(hou)續加工中(zhong)容(rong)易造成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)還(huan)能(neng)導致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝及產品質量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含(han)量控制較低(di)，氧化物(wu)的副作用唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但氫的影響成(cheng)為較顯(xian)著的問(wen)題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏松是在(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和的(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而(er)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)結(jie)晶，形成(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被堵(du)在(zai)凝固(gu)組織(zhi)內，結(jie)晶時在(zai)鑄桿內形成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶界(jie)處，形成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上(shang)引生產過程中(zhong)(zhong)的各個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境(jing)**、石(shi)墨結晶器(qi)未(wei)干燥等(deng)。因(yin)此，熔化爐中(zhong)(zhong)的銅(tong)(tong)液表(biao)面應(ying)覆蓋經(jing)烘烤(kao)的木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除(chu)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往往采用適度控制(zhi)氧含量(liang)來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液(ye)在鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中是自(zi)下而(er)上(shang)結晶，銅液(ye)中的(de)氧和氫所產(chan)生的(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣很容易(yi)上(shang)浮(fu)跑(pao)出(chu)，銅液(ye)中的(de)氫大部分(fen)能被有效去除，因而(er)對(dui)銅桿的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電(dian)磁(ci)線等(deng)產品的過程(cheng)中，對(dui)銅(tong)桿的表面(mian)質量(liang)也需提出(chu)要求。需要拉制后的銅(tong)絲表面(mian)無(wu)毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污(wu)。并通過扭(niu)轉試(shi)驗測量(liang)表面(mian)銅(tong)粉(fen)的質量(liang)和扭(niu)轉后觀察(cha)銅(tong)桿的復原情況(kuang)來判(pan)定(ding)其好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄造到(dao)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前，溫(wen)度高，完全暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)(de)(de)轉動(dong)，氧化(hua)(hua)物顆粒(li)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)線表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)。由于氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)是高熔點脆(cui)性化(hua)(hua)合物，對于軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)，當成條(tiao)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)(tong)桿外表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)產生(sheng)毛刺，給后續的(de)(de)(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)工藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧(yang)(yang)(yang)隔(ge)絕，后(hou)續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿(gan)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)無(wu)軋入表(biao)(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制后(hou)銅粉少(shao)(shao)，上述(shu)問題較(jiao)少(shao)(shao)存在。

無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進口(kou)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)和國產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de),但目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)(wu)明(ming)顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不(bu)是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控制比較穩定(ding),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的(de)應該是(shi)上(shang)海的(de)海軍廠(chang)的(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠。

低(di)氧銅桿進口設(she)備(bei)國(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)美國(guo)南線設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)南京華新,江西銅業,另一種是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)常州金源,天津(jin)大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下(xia),但(dan)目前(qian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家只能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種產品(pin)相對而言(yan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)更適(shi)應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)性能(neng)(neng).但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對拉絲條件相對要(yao)苛刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件不好(hao)(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件,同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不定就能(neng)(neng)拉到(dao)雙零五(wu),而普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多(duo)只能(neng)(neng)拉伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當(dang)然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得(de)依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)了(le).目前(qian)有(you)企業嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還(huan)不是(shi)很(hen)清楚。

音(yin)響(xiang)線一般反而(er)喜歡用無(wu)氧桿,這(zhe)和無(wu)氧桿是單(dan)晶(jing)銅(tong),低(di)氧桿是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有(you)關(guan)。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于制造方(fang)法(fa)的不(bu)同，致使(shi)存在差(cha)別，具(ju)有(you)各(ge)自的特點。

一、關于氧(yang)的(de)吸入和(he)脫去以及(ji)它的(de)存在狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫(wen)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態下(xia)吸(xi)入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)上引(yin)法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持(chi)相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)脫去，通常這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存(cun)在(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是常見(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)(ze)很少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾(jia)雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界出(chu)現對(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性產(chan)生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是均勻(yun)的(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織(zhi)對(dui)韌(ren)性有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是不(bu)常見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)(ze)是常見(jian)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋(ya)組織(zhi)和(he)鑄造組織(zhi)的區(qu)別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由于經(jing)過熱軋(ya)，所(suo)以其(qi)組織(zhi)屬熱加(jia)工組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)破碎(sui)，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿時已(yi)(yi)有(you)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，這是(shi)為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度(du)較高(gao)，需(xu)要較高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這是(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界附近(jin)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿組織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺(chi)寸甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾個毫(hao)米(mi)，因而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界少，即使通過拉(la)(la)制(zhi)變(bian)形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界相(xiang)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿還(huan)是(shi)較少，所(suo)以需(xu)要較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿經(jing)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，但尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率應(ying)比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)(zai)以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率應(ying)留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝(yi)，以保證在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線的(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)含(han)量波(bo)動，表面氧(yang)化物(wu)和可(ke)能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑(jing)里與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)(ding)，無(wu)熱軋可能(neng)(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)厚(hou)度可達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產過程(cheng)中如果(guo)工藝不(bu)(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)將直接影(ying)響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。如果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌補(bu)外(wai)，但(dan)比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)相當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影(ying)響更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細線(xian)，超(chao)微(wei)細線(xian)時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線(xian)，有(you)時要對銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得已的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)要除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)。

四、低氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿的韌性有差別(bie)

兩者(zhe)都可以拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫超導線(xian)中的低溫級無氧銅，其(qi)細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿(gan)的原(yuan)材料(liao)到制(zhi)線的經濟性有差別。

制(zhi)造無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量(liang)較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一般，拉(la)制(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較(jiao)明顯，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧銅桿的制線工藝與無氧銅桿的有所不同。

低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的制線(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)不能照搬到無氧銅(tong)桿的制線(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)上來，至(zhi)少兩者的退火(huo)工藝(yi)(yi)是不同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性深受材(cai)料(liao)成(cheng)份和制桿，制線(xian)和退火(huo)工藝(yi)(yi)的影響，不能簡單地說(shuo)低(di)氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。