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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)傳輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的主干線(xian)路中用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)傳輸和(he)分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品，包括(kuo)1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的(de)使用至今已有百年

主要分類(lei)

分類：按電(dian)壓等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今(jin)已有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒上包繞黃(huang)麻(ma)并(bing)將其穿(chuan)入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青混合(he)物制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡(ka)倫(lun)德發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦(dun)與德特(te)福德之間(jian)敷設了(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建(jian)成20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)敷設成60千(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰(tai)特(te)研制成分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕緣表(biao)面的(de)(de)正切應(ying)力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了(le)380千(qian)伏超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)已制成1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)壓等級可分為中(zhong)、低壓電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏及以下）、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏以上(shang))、超高壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏）以及特高壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏及以上(shang)）。此(ci)外(wai)，還可按(an)電(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分為交流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料(liao)分(fen)

1、油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜以油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。其應用歷史最長(chang)(chang)。它安(an)全可靠，使用壽命長(chang)(chang)，價格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制(zhi)。自從開發出不(bu)滴流浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了落差限(xian)制(zhi)問(wen)題，使油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑料(liao)的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。常用(yong)的(de)塑料(liao)有聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜結(jie)構簡(jian)單,制造加工方(fang)便，重量輕(qing)，敷(fu)設安裝方(fang)便,不受(shou)敷(fu)設落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制。因(yin)此(ci)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)作中低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜，并有取(qu)代粘性浸漬油(you)紙(zhi)電(dian)纜的(de)趨勢。其最大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了它在更高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力電纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡膠加上各種配合(he)劑，經(jing)過充分混煉(lian)后擠包(bao)在(zai)導電線(xian)芯上，經(jing)過加溫(wen)硫化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性，適合(he)于移(yi)動頻繁、敷(fu)設彎(wan)曲半徑小(xiao)的場合(he)。

常(chang)用作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于固定(ding)敷設在(zai)交流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸(shu)配電(dian)線(xian)路上(shang)作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜，聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜，交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超(chao)高壓電(dian)纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以上）。

基(ji)(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構：電力電纜的基(ji)(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構由(you)線芯（導體(ti)）、絕(jue)緣層、屏(ping)蔽層和保護層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是將線(xian)芯與(yu)大地以及不(bu)同相(xiang)的線(xian)芯間在(zai)電氣上(shang)彼(bi)此隔離(li)，保證(zheng)電能輸送，是電力電纜結構中不(bu)可缺少的組成部(bu)分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的作用(yong)是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外界雜質和水分的侵(qin)入(ru)，以及防止(zhi)外力直接損壞(huai)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地少。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線(xian)間(jian)絕緣(yuan)距離小，不用桿塔(ta)，占(zhan)(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)(zhan)地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)高(gao)。受(shou)氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環(huan)境影(ying)響小(xiao)，傳輸性(xing)能穩定(ding)，可靠性(xing)高(gao)。

3具有(you)向(xiang)超高壓，大容(rong)量(liang)發展的更為(wei)有(you)利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電力(li)電纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼音(yin)第(di)一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體(ti)材料(liao)、內護層(ceng)材料(liao)和結構特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)護(hu)層構成，有(you)二位數字(zi)。無(wu)數字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)被層。第(di)一位數字(zi)表(biao)示鎧裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位數字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號按電纜(lan)結構的排(pai)列一(yi)般依次序為：絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額(e)定(ding)電壓(ya)和規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號后再加(jia)上說明(ming)額(e)定(ding)電壓(ya)、芯數和標稱截(jie)面積的(de)。

型號(hao)詳細(xi)說(shuo)明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通(tong)信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶粘接屏蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶屏蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填(tian)充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外(wai)護層：23——雙層防腐鋼(gang)帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被(bei)層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)安裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)(xing)DH：防(fang)火型(xing)(xing)