熱門關鍵詞(ci)：
來源(yuan)：行業動(dong)態 閱讀：109519 發布時間：2019-07-05
導(dao)讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不(bu)同(tong)，所(suo)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不(bu)同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan) 是在保(bao)護條件下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也(ye)高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般(ban)情況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外(wai)表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。
銅桿(gan)是(shi)電纜行業的(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)方式主(zhu)要有(you)兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和(he)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方法(fa)較(jiao)多(duo)，其(qi)特點是(shi)金屬在(zai)(zai)豎(shu)爐(lu)中融化后，銅液(ye)通(tong)(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間包，從(cong)澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)模腔內(nei)，采用(yong)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)冷卻(que)強(qiang)度(du)進(jin)(jin)行冷卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)(jin)行多(duo)道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)國內(nei)基本全部采用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)(zai)感應電爐(lu)中融化后通(tong)(tong)過石墨模進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之后進(jin)(jin)行冷軋(ya)或冷加工(gong)(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)布、雜(za)質的(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方面有(you)較(jiao)大(da)(da)差(cha)別(bie)。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能跟(gen)很(hen)多(duo)因素有關，如雜質的(de)(de)含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及(ji)分(fen)布、工藝控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等。下面(mian)分(fen)別從(cong)以(yi)上(shang)幾個方(fang)面(mian)對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能進行分(fen)析(xi)。
1、熔化方(fang)式對(dui)S等雜(za)質的(de)影響(xiang)
連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)主要是通(tong)過氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)桿(gan)熔化，在(zai)燃(ran)燒的(de)過程(cheng)中，通(tong)過氧化和(he)揮發作(zuo)用，可一定(ding)程(cheng)度減少部(bu)分雜質(zhi)進(jin)入銅(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法對(dui)原料(liao)要求相對(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生產(chan)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于(yu)是用感(gan)應電爐熔化，電解銅(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆(dou)”基本(ben)都熔入到銅(tong)液(ye)中。其中熔入的(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極(ji)大，會增(zeng)加拉(la)絲斷線率。
2、鑄(zhu)造過程中雜(za)質的進入
在生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)工(gong)藝需通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)包轉運(yun)銅液，相對容易造(zao)(zao)成耐火材料(liao)的(de)剝落(luo)，在軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成鐵質的(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)給銅桿造(zao)(zao)成外部夾(jia)雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)上和(he)皮(pi)下(xia)氧化物(wu)的(de)軋(ya)入(ru)，會(hui)給低氧桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)成不(bu)利的(de)影響。上引連鑄法生產(chan)工(gong)藝流程較短(duan)，銅液是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐內(nei)潛流式(shi)完成，對耐火材料(liao)的(de)沖(chong)擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所(suo)以(yi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)污(wu)染源較少，雜(za)質進(jin)入(ru)的(de)機會(hui)較少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以溶解一部(bu)分，但當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時(shi)所溶解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析(xi)出(chu)，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)出(chu)現，顯著(zhu)降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
硫可以溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅中，但(dan)在(zai)室溫下(xia)，其溶解度幾乎降低到零，它以硫化亞銅的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅的(de)塑(su)性。
3、氧(yang)(yang)在低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)和無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)中分布(bu)形式及其影響(xiang)
氧(yang)含量對低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)拉(la)(la)線(xian)性(xing)能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量增(zeng)加(jia)到(dao)最佳值時，銅桿的(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率最低。這(zhe)是因(yin)為(wei)氧(yang)在與大部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)過程中都起到(dao)了清除器的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除銅液中的(de)氫，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)溢(yi)出，減少氣(qi)孔(kong)的(de)形成(cheng)。最佳的(de)氧(yang)含量為(wei)拉(la)(la)線(xian)工藝(yi)提供了最好的(de)條件(jian)。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分布：在連續(xu)澆鑄中凝(ning)固(gu)的(de)(de)最(zui)初階段(duan)，散(san)熱速率和均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)分布的(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構(gou)本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會(hui)遭到破壞，使(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均勻(yun)分布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)聚集(ji)而(er)產生的(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)分布的(de)(de)影響外(wai)，具有較小(xiao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示(shi)出較好(hao)的(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)特性，較大(da)的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)容易造成應(ying)力集(ji)中點(dian)而(er)斷裂。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變(bian)脆，延(yan)伸(shen)(shen)率(lv)下(xia)降，拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅色，結晶(jing)組織(zhi)疏松(song)。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)(shi)，工藝(yi)性能變(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)過(guo)程中斷(duan)(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)(duan)線率(lv)極具(ju)增高。這是由(you)于氧(yang)(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)脆性相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在境界上(shang)。這種脆性相硬度高，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)(shi)將會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導(dao)(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機(ji)械性能下(xia)降，在后續(xu)加(jia)工中容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)現象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)高還(huan)能導(dao)(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導(dao)(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控(kong)制上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)及產品質(zhi)量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧(yang)含量控制較低(di)，氧(yang)化物的副作用唄**降低(di)，但氫(qing)的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中(zhong)存在(zai)平衡(heng)反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中析(xi)出并聚(ju)集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)而生(sheng)成(cheng)水(shui)(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)自上而下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上浮(fu)過(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固(gu)組(zu)織內(nei)，結(jie)(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少(shao)時(shi)，析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則(ze)聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
氫來源于上引生產過(guo)程中的各(ge)個工(gong)藝環(huan)節(jie)，如原料(liao)電(dian)解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木炭(tan)**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等(deng)。因此，熔(rong)化爐中的銅(tong)液表面應覆蓋經(jing)烘烤的木炭(tan)，電(dian)解銅(tong)應盡量去除(chu)“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常(chang)重要。
在連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適度(du)控制氧含量來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)在(zai)鑄(zhu)造(zao)過程中(zhong)是自下而上結(jie)晶，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氧和(he)氫(qing)(qing)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)水蒸(zheng)氣很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影響較(jiao)小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品的(de)(de)過程中，對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)表面質量也需(xu)(xu)提出(chu)要(yao)求。需(xu)(xu)要(yao)拉制后的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)絲表面無毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污。并通過扭轉試驗測量表面銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉的(de)(de)質量和(he)扭轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)復原情況來判(pan)定其好壞。
在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄造到(dao)軋(ya)制前，溫度(du)高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面(mian)形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的氧(yang)化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)輥的轉(zhuan)動(dong)，氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)軋(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是高熔點脆性化(hua)合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀的聚集物(wu)遇模(mo)具拉伸時(shi)，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛刺，給(gei)后續的涂(tu)漆造成麻煩(fan)。
而上引連鑄工藝(yi)制造的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后(hou)(hou)續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)(tong)桿表面(mian)無(wu)軋入表面(mian)的氧(yang)化物，質量較(jiao)好(hao)，拉(la)制后(hou)(hou)銅(tong)(tong)粉少，上述(shu)問題較(jiao)少存在(zai)。
無氧銅桿(gan)也分(fen)進(jin)口設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de),但目前進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)已無明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)來后區(qu)別不是(shi)很大,只要銅板選的(de)(de)(de)好(hao),生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進(jin)口設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間最長，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。
低氧銅桿(gan)進口設(she)備(bei)國際主要有兩種,一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)美國南線設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)(shi)南京華新(xin),江西銅業,另一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)(shi)常州金源(yuan),天津(jin)大無縫。
無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)(shang)容易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目(mu)前(qian)有(you)的(de)廠家只能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控(kong)制在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)是上(shang)(shang)引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品(pin)相(xiang)對而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆(qi)包(bao)線性(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性(xing),回彈(dan)角,繞線性(xing)能(neng).但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條件相(xiang)對要(yao)苛(ke)刻些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線條件不好,普(pu)通的(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線,但(dan)如(ru)果放在好的(de)伸(shen)(shen)線條件,同樣的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉(la)到(dao)(dao)雙(shuang)零五,而(er)普(pu)通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)(dao)0.1而(er)已(yi),當然做(zuo)的(de)最細的(de)如(ru)雙(shuang)零二卻非(fei)得依靠進口(kou)的(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前(qian)有(you)企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮的(de)方式(shi)來處(chu)理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線.但(dan)有(you)關這方面(mian)的(de)內容我還(huan)不是很清楚(chu)。
音響(xiang)線一(yi)般反而喜歡(huan)用無氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)是單(dan)晶(jing)銅,低氧(yang)桿(gan)是多晶(jing)銅有關。
氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)方(fang)法的(de)不同(tong)，致使(shi)存在差別(bie)，具有各自(zi)的(de)特(te)點。
一、關于氧的(de)吸入和(he)脫去以(yi)及它(ta)的(de)存(cun)在狀(zhuang)態
生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度(du)約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)(ru)是在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態下(xia)(xia)吸入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持(chi)相當時間(jian)后，被(bei)還原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近(jin)，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿而(er)言可以說(shuo)是常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿則(ze)很(hen)少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式(shi)在(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性產生(sheng)負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所(suo)以這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是均(jun)勻的(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌(ren)性有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是不常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)則(ze)是常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱(re)軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)過熱軋，所以其組織(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)熱加(jia)工組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已有(you)(you)再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出現，而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)(shu)鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大(da)，這是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原因。這是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)，再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界附近，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大(da)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界少(shao)，即(ji)使(shi)通過拉制變形，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所以需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求是(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉制，但尚未鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續(xu)拉制，在(zai)以后(hou)階段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)應留有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)制品(pin)(pin)和(he)成品(pin)(pin)導(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三(san)、夾雜，氧含量波動，表(biao)面氧化物和(he)可能存(cun)在的熱軋(ya)缺陷的差別(bie)
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所(suo)(suo)有線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相比都是優越的(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因(yin)外(wai)(wai)，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無熱軋可能產(chan)生的(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生產(chan)過程中(zhong)如(ru)果工(gong)藝不穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩定(ding)將直接(jie)影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)連(lian)續清(qing)洗(xi)中(zhong)得以(yi)彌補外(wai)(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)是有相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細(xi)(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，為了減少斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有時要對銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不得已的(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮(pi)，甚至二次剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)原因(yin)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)要除(chu)去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。
四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性有差別
兩者都可以(yi)拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線中的(de)低(di)溫級無(wu)氧銅，其細絲間的(de)間距只有0.001mm.
五(wu)、從制桿的(de)原(yuan)材料到制線的(de)經濟(ji)性有差別(bie)。
制(zhi)造無氧銅桿要求質量較高(gao)的原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅線(xian)時，低氧銅桿的優(you)(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅桿顯得更為優(you)(you)越的是拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅線(xian)。
六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的制線工藝(yi)與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的有所不同。
低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制線(xian)工藝(yi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)照搬到(dao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制線(xian)工藝(yi)上(shang)來(lai)，至少兩者的(de)退火工藝(yi)是不(bu)(bu)同的(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)柔(rou)軟性(xing)深受(shou)材料成份和制桿，制線(xian)和退火工藝(yi)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)簡(jian)單(dan)地說低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰(shui)(shui)軟誰(shui)(shui)硬(ying)。
