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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于(yu)傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于(yu)城市(shi)地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企(qi)業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比(bi)重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)用以傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配大(da)功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品，包(bao)括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級，各種(zhong)(zhong)絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今(jin)已有百(bai)年

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百(bai)余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)(nei)，然(ran)后填充瀝青混合物(wu)制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于(yu)紐(niu)約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)卡倫德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德(de)特福(fu)德(de)之間敷設了(le)(le)10千伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到(dao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷設成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣表面(mian)的正切應(ying)(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了(le)(le)380千伏(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的特高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏(fu)及以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏(fu)以上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以及特高壓(ya)電(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以上）。此(ci)外，還可(ke)按電(dian)流制分為交流電(dian)纜和直(zhi)流電(dian)纜。

按絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)分

1、油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油浸(jin)紙作絕緣的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其應用歷史最長。它(ta)安全可(ke)靠(kao)，使用壽(shou)命長，價格低(di)廉。主要缺點是(shi)敷設(she)受落差(cha)(cha)限(xian)制。自從開發(fa)出(chu)不滴流浸(jin)紙絕緣后，解決了落差(cha)(cha)限(xian)制問題，使油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)纜得以繼續廣(guang)泛應用。

2、塑料絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜 　絕(jue)(jue)緣層為擠壓塑料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。常用的(de)(de)塑料有(you)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(xi)、交聯聚乙烯(xi)(xi)。塑料電(dian)(dian)纜結構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便(bian)，重量(liang)輕，敷(fu)設安裝(zhuang)方便(bian),不受敷(fu)設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣(guang)泛應用作(zuo)中低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜，并有(you)取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)趨勢。其(qi)最(zui)大缺點是(shi)存(cun)在樹(shu)枝化擊穿現象(xiang)，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)使用。

3、橡(xiang)(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣層(ceng)為橡(xiang)(xiang)膠加(jia)上各種配合劑，經過(guo)充分混煉后(hou)擠包在(zai)導電(dian)線芯上，經過(guo)加(jia)溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙(bing)膠(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓電纜：適(shi)用于固定敷設在交流(liu)50Hz，額定電壓3kv及(ji)以(yi)下的輸(shu)配電線(xian)路上作輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以(yi)下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般為110KV及(ji)以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

4、超(chao)高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以上）。

基本結構：電力電纜的基本結構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏(ping)蔽層和(he)保護層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將(jiang)線芯(xin)(xin)與大(da)地以及不同相的線芯(xin)(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送(song)，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結(jie)構中不可(ke)缺少的組成(cheng)部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上(shang)的電力電纜一般都有導體屏蔽層和(he)絕(jue)緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)(bao)護層的(de)作(zuo)用是保(bao)(bao)護電力(li)電纜免受外界雜質和水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外力(li)直接損壞電力(li)電纜。

主要優點(dian)：

1占(zhan)地少(shao)。一般埋設于(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設于(yu)室(shi)內(nei)，溝(gou)道(dao)(dao)，隧道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不用(yong)桿塔，占(zhan)地少(shao)，基本不占(zhan)地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性高。受氣候條(tiao)件(jian)和(he)周圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸性能穩(wen)定，可(ke)靠(kao)性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的更為有利的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼音第(di)一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體材料(liao)(liao)、內(nei)護層材料(liao)(liao)和結(jie)構特點(dian)。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)構成，有二位數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)無鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)。第一(yi)位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)被，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型(xing)號按電纜結構的排列一般依次(ci)序為：絕(jue)緣材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品(pin)用(yong)型號、額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)和規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號后再加上說明(ming)額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數(shu)和標(biao)稱(cheng)截(jie)面積的。

型號(hao)詳(xiang)細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜HP——配(pei)線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實心皮(pi)聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金(jin)屬(shu)帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套      V——聚氯乙烯(xi)護套

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石(shi)油(you)膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自(zi)承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯(xi)外(wai)被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣安(an)裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型