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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用于傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江海水(shui)下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比(bi)重正(zheng)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)主干線路(lu)中用以(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使(shi)用至今已有百年

主要分類(lei)

分類：按電壓等(deng)級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)已(yi)有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛迪生在銅(tong)棒上包繞黃麻并將(jiang)其穿入鐵管內，然(ran)后填充(chong)瀝青混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于(yu)紐約，開創了(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫德發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德特福德之間敷設了(le)10千伏油浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)20千伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來(lai)越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)敷設成(cheng)60千伏高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布,消除了(le)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正(zheng)切應(ying)(ying)(ying)力，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設了(le)380千伏超(chao)(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了(le)超(chao)(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)1100千伏、1200千伏的(de)(de)特高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可分為中、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)伏以(yi)上(shang))、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以(yi)及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外(wai)，還(huan)可按電(dian)流制分為交(jiao)流電(dian)纜和直(zhi)流電(dian)纜。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜以(yi)(yi)油浸紙作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。其(qi)應用(yong)歷史最長。它安全可(ke)靠，使(shi)用(yong)壽命長，價(jia)格低(di)廉。主要(yao)缺點是敷設受落差限制。自從(cong)開發(fa)出不滴流浸紙絕緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決(jue)了(le)落差限制問題，使(shi)油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜得以(yi)(yi)繼續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。常用的(de)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造(zao)加工(gong)方便(bian)，重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)，敷設安裝方便(bian),不受敷設落差限制。因此(ci)廣泛應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)取代(dai)粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨(qu)勢。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象，這限制了它在更(geng)高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)上各(ge)種配合劑(ji)，經過充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經過加(jia)溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適(shi)合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小(xiao)的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天然膠-丁苯膠混(hun)合物，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于固定(ding)敷設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)線路上作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下(xia)）：聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)，交聯聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜(lan)和交聯(lian)聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結構：電力(li)電纜的基(ji)本(ben)結構由(you)線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護層四部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)部分，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)將線芯(xin)與(yu)大地以及不同相的線芯(xin)間在(zai)電氣(qi)上彼此隔離，保證電能輸送，是(shi)(shi)電力電纜結構中不可缺(que)少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜(lan)一般都有導體(ti)屏(ping)蔽層和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)免受外(wai)界雜質和水(shui)分的侵入，以(yi)及防止外(wai)力(li)直接(jie)損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設于土(tu)壤中或敷設于室內(nei)，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線(xian)間(jian)絕緣距離(li)小(xiao)，不用桿(gan)塔，占地(di)少(shao)，基(ji)本(ben)不占地(di)面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件和周圍環境(jing)影響小，傳輸(shu)性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容(rong)量(liang)發展的更(geng)為有利(li)的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母的大寫表示絕緣種(zhong)類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構(gou)特(te)點。如用Z代(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示外(wai)護層(ceng)(ceng)構成，有二位數字(zi)(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數字(zi)(zi)(zi)代(dai)表無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被層(ceng)(ceng)。第一位數字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位數字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表示為41。

3.電纜型(xing)號(hao)按(an)電纜結構的(de)排列一(yi)般依次(ci)序為：絕緣材(cai)料(liao)；導體(ti)材(cai)料(liao)；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜產品(pin)用型號、額定電(dian)壓和規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號后再加(jia)上(shang)說明(ming)額定電(dian)壓、芯數(shu)和標稱截面(mian)積(ji)的。

型號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚(ju)(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙(shuang)層金屬帶屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏(gao)填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防(fang)腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單(dan)層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外(wai)被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)(ruan)線；RV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣平型(xing)連接(jie)線(xian)(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)(xing)DH：防火型(xing)(xing)