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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用于傳輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于城(cheng)市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過(guo)江海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)主干線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)(fen)配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上(shang)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已有百年

主要分類

分類：按(an)電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪(di)生在銅棒(bang)上包繞(rao)黃(huang)麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合(he)物制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開創了地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國人(ren)(ren)卡倫(lun)德發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國人(ren)(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦與德特福德之(zhi)間(jian)敷設(she)了10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到越來(lai)越廣的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國敷設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國人(ren)(ren)M.霍希(xi)施泰特研制成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消除了絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的正(zheng)切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)了380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級可(ke)(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏及以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏以上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏）以及特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏及以上）。此外，還可(ke)(ke)按電(dian)流(liu)制分為交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電力電纜以(yi)油浸紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的電力電纜。其應用(yong)歷史(shi)最長(chang)。它安全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)，價格低廉(lian)。主要(yao)缺點(dian)是(shi)敷設受落(luo)差限(xian)制(zhi)。自從開(kai)發出不滴流浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決了落(luo)差限(xian)制(zhi)問題，使油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜得以(yi)繼續廣(guang)泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制(zhi)造加(jia)工方便，重量輕，敷設(she)安裝方便,不受敷設(she)落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中(zhong)低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙(zhi)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨(qu)勢(shi)。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象，這(zhe)限制(zhi)了它在更(geng)高電(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電力(li)電纜　絕緣層(ceng)為(wei)橡膠(jiao)加上各種配合劑(ji)，經(jing)過充分混煉后(hou)擠包在導(dao)電線芯上，經(jing)過加溫硫(liu)化而成(cheng)。它柔(rou)軟，富(fu)有彈(dan)性，適合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷(fu)設彎曲(qu)半徑(jing)小的場合。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料(liao)有(you)天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)混(hun)合(he)物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級(ji)分(fen)

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固定敷(fu)設在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)上作輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電纜(lan)和(he)交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。

基本(ben)(ben)結(jie)構：電力電纜的基本(ben)(ben)結(jie)構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕(jue)緣層是(shi)將線芯與大(da)地(di)以及不(bu)(bu)同相的線芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送(song)，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構(gou)中不(bu)(bu)可缺少(shao)的組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上(shang)的電力電纜一(yi)般(ban)都有導(dao)體(ti)屏(ping)(ping)蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏(ping)(ping)蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的(de)作用是(shi)保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免(mian)受(shou)外(wai)界雜質和(he)水分的(de)侵(qin)入，以及防(fang)止(zhi)外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占地少，基本(ben)不占地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣候(hou)條件(jian)和(he)周圍環境(jing)影響小，傳(chuan)輸性(xing)能(neng)穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有(you)向超(chao)高(gao)壓，大容量發展的(de)更為有(you)利(li)的(de)條件，如低溫(wen)，超(chao)導電力(li)電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母的大寫(xie)表示絕緣種(zhong)類、導(dao)體材料(liao)、內(nei)護層材料(liao)和結構特點。如(ru)用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)表紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字表示(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)構成(cheng)，有(you)二位數(shu)(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字代表無(wu)鎧(kai)(kai)裝層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)。第一位數(shu)(shu)字表示(shi)(shi)鎧(kai)(kai)裝，第二位數(shu)(shu)字表示(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)(kai)裝纖維外(wai)(wai)被表示(shi)(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結構(gou)的排列一般依(yi)次序為(wei)：絕緣材(cai)料；導(dao)體材(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用(yong)型(xing)號、額定電壓和(he)規格表(biao)示。其方法(fa)是(shi)在型(xing)號后再加上說明額定電壓、芯(xin)數和(he)標(biao)稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號(hao)詳(xiang)細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通(tong)信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心(xin)皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層金(jin)屬帶屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

53——單(dan)層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)安(an)裝(zhuang)軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平(ping)型(xing)連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)(xing)(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)(xing)(xing)DH：防火型(xing)(xing)(xing)