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電力(li)電纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用于(yu)傳輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于(yu)城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線路、工礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比(bi)重正逐漸增(zeng)加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)主(zhu)干線路中(zhong)用以傳輸和分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包(bao)括(kuo)1-500KV以及以上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕(jue)緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使(shi)用至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用至今(jin)已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)發明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅棒(bang)上包繞黃麻并將(jiang)其穿(chuan)入鐵(tie)管內，然(ran)后填充瀝青混合物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于(yu)紐約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫德(de)發明瀝青浸(jin)漬紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)(zai)(zai)倫敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)的(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)(le)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍(huo)希(xi)施泰特(te)研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相(xiang)屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消(xiao)除了(le)(le)(le)絕(jue)緣表面的(de)正切(qie)應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中的(de)里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)(zai)(zai)北部(bu)(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)超(chao)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還(huan)可按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分為交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜(lan)以(yi)(yi)油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的電力電纜(lan)。其應(ying)用歷史(shi)最長(chang)。它安全可靠，使(shi)用壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設(she)受落(luo)(luo)差限(xian)制。自從開(kai)發出不滴(di)流浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了落(luo)(luo)差限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)得以(yi)(yi)繼(ji)續廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)(su)料絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)(su)料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常(chang)用的(de)塑(su)(su)料有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)(su)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單(dan),制造加工(gong)方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝方便,不受(shou)敷(fu)設落差限(xian)制。因此廣泛(fan)應用作中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有取(qu)代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)樹(shu)枝化擊(ji)穿(chuan)現象(xiang)，這(zhe)限(xian)制了它在(zai)更高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)使用。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電力(li)電纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠加上各(ge)種(zhong)配合劑(ji)，經(jing)過充(chong)分混煉后(hou)擠包在導電線芯上，經(jing)過加溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性，適(shi)合于移(yi)動頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的(de)場(chang)合。

常用作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)(jiao)料(liao)有天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓(ya)等級分(fen)

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)纜：適用于(yu)固(gu)定(ding)敷設(she)在(zai)交流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的(de)輸配(pei)電(dian)線路上(shang)作輸送電(dian)能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基本(ben)結(jie)構(gou)：電力電纜的基本(ben)結(jie)構(gou)由線(xian)芯（導(dao)體）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護層四部(bu)分組成。

1.線(xian)芯(xin)是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是(shi)將(jiang)線(xian)芯(xin)與大地以及不(bu)同相(xiang)的(de)線(xian)芯(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此隔離(li)，保證電(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜結(jie)構中不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般(ban)都有導體屏蔽(bi)層和(he)絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的作(zuo)用是保護電力(li)電纜(lan)免受外(wai)界雜(za)質和(he)水分(fen)的侵入，以及防止(zhi)外(wai)力(li)直接(jie)損(sun)壞電力(li)電纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋設(she)于土壤中(zhong)或敷設(she)于室內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)地面(mian)上(shang)空間(jian)。

2可靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。受氣候條件(jian)和(he)周圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定(ding)，可靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。

3具(ju)有(you)向超高壓，大容量發展的(de)更(geng)為有(you)利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材(cai)料、內護層(ceng)材(cai)料和結(jie)構特點。如用Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分(fen)相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻(zu)燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示外護層構成，有二位數(shu)字。無(wu)(wu)數(shu)字代表(biao)(biao)無(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝層，無(wu)(wu)外被(bei)層。第一位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示鎧(kai)裝，第二位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示外被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維外被(bei)表(biao)(biao)示為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結構的排列一般(ban)依次(ci)序為：絕緣材(cai)料(liao)；導(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜(lan)產品用型(xing)號(hao)、額定電壓和規格表示。其方(fang)法是在型(xing)號(hao)后(hou)再加上(shang)說明額定電壓、芯數和標稱截(jie)面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通(tong)信電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙(yi)烯絕緣YF——泡沫(mo)聚烯烴(jing)(jing)絕緣YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚烯烴(jing)(jing)絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自(zi)承(cheng)式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單(dan)層(ceng)粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯被(bei)層(ceng)

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被(bei)層

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣平型(xing)(xing)連接(jie)線軟(ruan)(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣絞(jiao)型(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟電(dian)線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型