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電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工(gong)礦(kuang)企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以傳(chuan)輸和分配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上(shang)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種(zhong)絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使(shi)用(yong)至今已(yi)有百(bai)年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按(an)電壓等(deng)級(ji)分

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今(jin)已有(you)百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛迪(di)生在銅棒(bang)上包繞黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)卡倫(lun)德發(fa)明瀝(li)青浸(jin)漬紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦(dun)與德特福德之間敷(fu)設(she)了(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)伏油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到(dao)越來(lai)越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)伏高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施(shi)泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)分(fen)相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)(le)絕緣表(biao)面的(de)(de)正切應(ying)力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)伏超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的(de)(de)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上）。此(ci)外(wai)，還可按電(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材(cai)料分

1、油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油浸紙作(zuo)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其(qi)應用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它安全可靠，使用(yong)壽命長，價格(ge)低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落(luo)差限制。自(zi)從開發出不(bu)滴流浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決了落(luo)差限制問題，使油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)纜得(de)以繼續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)塑料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)塑料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制造(zao)加工方便，重量輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差限(xian)制。因此(ci)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代(dai)粘性(xing)浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點(dian)是存在樹(shu)枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為(wei)橡膠(jiao)加上各(ge)種配(pei)合劑，經過(guo)充(chong)分(fen)混(hun)煉(lian)后(hou)擠包在導電線芯上，經過(guo)加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈(dan)性，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設(she)彎(wan)曲半(ban)徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有(you)天(tian)然膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁(ding)(ding)苯(ben)膠(jiao)(jiao)混合(he)物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁(ding)(ding)基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：適用(yong)于固定(ding)敷設(she)在交流50Hz，額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以(yi)下的輸配電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低(di)壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)，交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)等(deng)。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電(dian)纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以上）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜的(de)基本結構(gou)由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣(yuan)層、屏(ping)蔽(bi)層和保護層四部分組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主(zhu)要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線(xian)芯與大地以(yi)及不同相的線(xian)芯間(jian)在電(dian)(dian)氣上彼(bi)此隔離(li)，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構中不可(ke)缺少(shao)的組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電力電纜一般(ban)都(dou)有導體屏(ping)蔽層和絕(jue)緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)作(zuo)用是保(bao)護(hu)電力電纜(lan)免受外界(jie)雜質和水(shui)分的(de)侵入，以及防止外力直接損(sun)壞電力電纜(lan)。

主要優(you)點：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)。一般埋(mai)設于(yu)(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設于(yu)(yu)室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小(xiao)，不用桿塔(ta)，占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)少(shao)，基本不占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。受(shou)氣(qi)候條件和周(zhou)圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)能穩(wen)定，可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的更為有利(li)的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導(dao)電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號(hao)說(shuo)明

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)型號

1.用漢語(yu)拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點(dian)。如(ru)用Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表示(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護層構成，有(you)二位(wei)數字(zi)。無(wu)(wu)數字(zi)代(dai)表無(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)(wu)外(wai)(wai)(wai)被層。第(di)一位(wei)數字(zi)表示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第(di)二位(wei)數字(zi)表示(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)被，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)(wai)被表示(shi)為41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號按電纜(lan)結構(gou)的排列一般(ban)依次序為：絕(jue)緣材料(liao)；導體(ti)材料(liao)；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜(lan)產品用型號、額(e)定電壓和規格表示。其方法是在型號后(hou)再加上(shang)說明額(e)定電壓、芯數(shu)和標稱截(jie)面積的。

型號(hao)詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內(nei)通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內(nei)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金(jin)屬帶屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套      V——聚氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏填(tian)充G——高頻隔(ge)離C——自(zi)承式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷(xiao)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細(xi)鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱包鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)平型連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火(huo)型DH：防(fang)火(huo)型