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電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用(yong)于(yu)傳輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)于(yu)城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水(shui)下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占比重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的主干線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品(pin)，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已(yi)有百年

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使用至今已有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合物制(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐(niu)約，開創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)人卡(ka)倫德(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德(de)特(te)(te)福德(de)之間敷設了10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)建成20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)敷設成60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)人M.霍希施泰特(te)(te)研制(zhi)成分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布,消除了絕緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)切應(ying)力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)成1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（35千伏及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(110千伏以(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)及(ji)特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（1000千伏及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外(wai)，還可按電(dian)流制分為交(jiao)流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分(fen)

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其(qi)應(ying)用歷史最(zui)長。它(ta)安全可靠，使(shi)用壽命(ming)長，價格低廉。主要缺點是(shi)敷設受落差限(xian)制。自從(cong)開發(fa)出不(bu)滴流浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解決了(le)落差限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。常用的塑料(liao)有(you)(you)聚氯乙(yi)烯、聚乙(yi)烯、交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造加(jia)工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷設安裝方(fang)便(bian),不受敷設落差限制。因此廣泛應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)(you)取代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的趨(qu)勢。其最(zui)大缺點是存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制了它在(zai)更高電(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用。

3、橡皮(pi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上(shang)各(ge)種配合劑，經過充(chong)分混煉后擠包(bao)在(zai)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)線芯上(shang)，經過加溫(wen)硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的(de)場(chang)合。

常(chang)用作絕(jue)緣的膠(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等(deng)級分

1、低(di)壓電纜(lan)：適用于固定(ding)敷設(she)在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額(e)定(ding)電壓3kv及(ji)以(yi)下的輸(shu)配電線路(lu)上作輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中(zhong)低壓電(dian)纜：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等(deng)。

3、高壓電纜：（一般為110KV及以(yi)上）：聚乙烯(xi)電纜和(he)交聯聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上）。

基本(ben)(ben)結構：電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的基本(ben)(ben)結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電力電纜的(de)導(dao)電部(bu)分，用來(lai)輸送電能，是電力電纜的(de)主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將(jiang)線(xian)芯與(yu)大地以(yi)及不同相的線(xian)芯間在電(dian)(dian)氣上彼此隔(ge)離(li)，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜結構(gou)中不可(ke)缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上(shang)的電力電纜一(yi)般都有導體屏蔽層和絕(jue)緣屏蔽層。

4.保護層的作用(yong)是保護電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜免(mian)受外界雜質和(he)水分的侵入(ru)，以及防止外力(li)直接損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優(you)點(dian)：

1占地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中，線間絕緣距(ju)離小(xiao)，不用桿塔，占地(di)少(shao)，基本(ben)不占地(di)面上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣候條件(jian)和(he)周圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具(ju)有(you)(you)向超高壓，大容量發展的更為有(you)(you)利的條(tiao)件，如低(di)溫，超導(dao)電力(li)電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音第(di)一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體材(cai)料、內(nei)護層材(cai)料和結構特點。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)表示外護層構成，有二位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)代表無鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無外被層。第一(yi)位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)表示鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)表示外被，如粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外被表示為41。

3.電(dian)纜(lan)型號(hao)按電(dian)纜(lan)結構的(de)排(pai)列(lie)一般依次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓和規(gui)格表示。其方法(fa)是(shi)在型號后再加上(shang)說(shuo)明(ming)額定電(dian)壓、芯(xin)數(shu)和標(biao)稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號詳(xiang)細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕緣

（3）內(nei)護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙(shuang)層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)

（4）特(te)征：T——石油(you)膏填充(chong)G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)外(wai)被(bei)層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋(wen)縱包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣安裝軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平型(xing)連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)軟線(xian)

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)