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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用(yong)(yong)于(yu)傳輸(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)城市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比(bi)重正逐(zhu)漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)主干(gan)線(xian)路中用(yong)(yong)以傳輸(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及以上(shang)各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用(yong)至今(jin)已有百(bai)年

主要分(fen)類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的使用至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅棒上包繞黃(huang)麻并將其(qi)穿(chuan)入鐵管內(nei)(nei)，然后(hou)填充瀝青混合(he)物(wu)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷設于紐(niu)約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫德(de)發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德(de)特福德(de)之間敷設了(le)(le)(le)10千伏(fu)油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國敷設成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布(bu),消除了(le)(le)(le)絕緣表面(mian)的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了(le)(le)(le)380千伏(fu)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分(fen)(fen)為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏(fu)(fu)及以下）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)(fu)）以及特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏(fu)(fu)及以上）。此外(wai)，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分(fen)(fen)為交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。其應用歷(li)史最長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使用壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制。自從開發出不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落差限(xian)制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)料絕(jue)緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜 　絕(jue)緣層(ceng)為擠壓(ya)塑(su)料的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。常用的塑(su)料有(you)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)、聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)。塑(su)料電(dian)纜結構簡(jian)單,制(zhi)造加(jia)工方(fang)便，重量(liang)輕，敷設安裝方(fang)便,不受(shou)敷設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用作中低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)纜，并(bing)有(you)取代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)纜的趨勢。其最大(da)缺點是(shi)存(cun)在樹枝(zhi)化擊穿(chuan)現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)它在更高電(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)上各種(zhong)配(pei)合劑，經過充分混煉后擠包在導(dao)電線芯(xin)上，經過加(jia)溫硫(liu)化(hua)而成。它柔軟，富有(you)彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷(fu)設彎曲(qu)半徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料(liao)有天(tian)然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用于固(gu)定敷設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓3kv及以下(xia)的(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)線路(lu)上作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用。

2、中低(di)壓(ya)電纜：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電纜等。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以上）。

基本(ben)結構：電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)基本(ben)結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)和(he)保(bao)護層(ceng)四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是將線芯(xin)與大地以及不同(tong)相的線芯(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保(bao)證電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少的組(zu)成部分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電力電纜一(yi)般都有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層和(he)絕(jue)緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作用是保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜免(mian)受外界雜質和水分的(de)侵入，以及(ji)防止外力(li)(li)直接損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般(ban)埋(mai)設于(yu)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)或敷設于(yu)室(shi)內，溝(gou)道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占地少，基本不(bu)占地面上空(kong)間。

2可靠(kao)性高(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍環境影(ying)響小(xiao)，傳(chuan)輸性能穩定，可靠(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有向(xiang)超(chao)高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更(geng)為(wei)有利的條件，如低溫，超(chao)導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明(ming)

電力電纜(lan)的(de)型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第(di)一個字(zi)母的大(da)寫表(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特(te)點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表示外護層構(gou)成，有二位數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表無(wu)鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)外被層。第一位數(shu)字表示鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位數(shu)字表示外被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外被表示為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結構的排列一般依次序(xu)為：絕緣(yuan)材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓和(he)規(gui)格表示。其方法是在型號后再(zai)加(jia)上說明額定電(dian)壓、芯(xin)數和(he)標(biao)稱截(jie)面(mian)積(ji)的。

型號(hao)詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘(zhan)接屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)      V——聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)(tao)

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏填(tian)充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼(gang)帶繞(rao)包(bao)銷裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套(tao)電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套(tao)電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型ZR: 阻(zu)燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型