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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)(yong)于傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)(yong)于城市(shi)地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工礦(kuang)企業(ye)內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)傳(chuan)輸和分(fen)配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力(li)電纜的(de)使用(yong)至今已有百(bai)年

主(zhu)要分(fen)類

分(fen)類：按(an)電壓等(deng)級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的使(shi)用至今已(yi)有(you)百余年(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪(di)生在(zai)銅棒上(shang)包繞黃(huang)麻并將其(qi)穿入鐵(tie)管內(nei)，然后填(tian)充瀝青混合物制(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐(niu)約，開(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)卡倫(lun)(lun)德(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青浸(jin)漬紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)倫(lun)(lun)敦(dun)與德(de)(de)(de)特福德(de)(de)(de)之間(jian)敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏油浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建(jian)成20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得(de)到越來越廣的應用。1911年(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)敷設(she)成60千(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)M.霍(huo)希施泰特研制(zhi)成分相(xiang)屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布,消除了(le)(le)絕(jue)緣表面的正切應力(li)(li)，成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的應用。到80年(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（35千伏(fu)及以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及特(te)高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。此外，還(huan)可按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分為交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜和(he)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分(fen)

1、油浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油浸紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕(jue)(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其應用(yong)(yong)歷(li)史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)，價(jia)格低(di)廉。主(zhu)要缺點是(shi)敷設(she)受(shou)落(luo)差限制(zhi)(zhi)。自從開(kai)發(fa)出不滴流浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣后，解決了落(luo)差限制(zhi)(zhi)問題，使(shi)油浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜得以繼(ji)續廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑(su)料絕(jue)緣電力電纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑(su)料的(de)電力電纜(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)料有聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯聚乙烯。塑(su)料電纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加(jia)工(gong)方便(bian)，重(zhong)量(liang)輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便(bian),不受敷(fu)設(she)落差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制。因此(ci)廣泛應用(yong)作(zuo)中低(di)壓電纜(lan)，并有取代粘性(xing)浸漬油紙電纜(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是存在(zai)樹枝(zhi)化擊穿(chuan)現象(xiang)，這(zhe)限(xian)(xian)制了(le)它在(zai)更高電壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣層(ceng)為橡膠加上(shang)(shang)各種配合(he)劑，經過(guo)充(chong)分(fen)混煉后擠包在導(dao)電(dian)線(xian)芯上(shang)(shang)，經過(guo)加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富(fu)有(you)彈性(xing)，適合(he)于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天然膠-丁(ding)苯膠混(hun)合(he)物，乙丙膠、丁(ding)基膠等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓(ya)電纜：適用(yong)(yong)于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電壓(ya)3kv及以下(xia)的輸(shu)配電線路上作輸(shu)送(song)電能用(yong)(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)等(deng)。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和交(jiao)聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以(yi)上）。

基本結構(gou)：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基本結構(gou)由線(xian)芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的導電(dian)(dian)部分，用來(lai)輸(shu)送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的主要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線芯(xin)與大地以及不同(tong)相的(de)線芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上(shang)彼(bi)此隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送(song)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少(shao)的(de)組成(cheng)部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以(yi)上(shang)的電力電纜一(yi)般都有導(dao)體屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的(de)作用是保護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)免(mian)受外界(jie)雜(za)質和(he)水分的(de)侵(qin)入，以(yi)及防止外力(li)直接(jie)損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點(dian)：

1占地少。一般埋(mai)設(she)于(yu)(yu)土壤中或敷設(she)于(yu)(yu)室(shi)內(nei)，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕(jue)緣距離(li)小，不(bu)用桿塔(ta)，占地少，基本不(bu)占地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠性(xing)高。受氣(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)和(he)周圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸性(xing)能(neng)穩定，可(ke)靠性(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發(fa)展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件(jian)，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用(yong)漢語(yu)拼音(yin)第一(yi)個字母的(de)大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料(liao)、內護(hu)層材料(liao)和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數字(zi)表示(shi)外護層(ceng)構成，有二(er)(er)位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)。無數字(zi)代表無鎧裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外被層(ceng)。第一位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)表示(shi)鎧裝(zhuang)，第二(er)(er)位(wei)(wei)數字(zi)表示(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)纖維外被表示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為(wei)：絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)；導(dao)體材料(liao)；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號(hao)、額定電(dian)壓和規格表示。其方法(fa)是在(zai)型號(hao)后再加上(shang)說明額定電(dian)壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型(xing)號(hao)詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市內通(tong)信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)纜

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫/實(shi)心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套      V——聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼(gang)帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電線(xian)(xian)；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣安(an)裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平型連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型