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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用于傳輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江海(hai)水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所(suo)占比(bi)重正逐(zhu)漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中用以傳輸和(he)分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品(pin)，包括(kuo)1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕(jue)緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的(de)使用至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分類

分(fen)(fen)類：按電壓等(deng)級分(fen)(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明家(jia)T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)(zai)銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填(tian)充瀝青(qing)混(hun)合物(wu)制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開創了(le)(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人卡(ka)倫德(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸(jin)漬紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)(zai)倫敦(dun)與德(de)(de)(de)特(te)福(fu)德(de)(de)(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建成20千(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)廣的應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)敷設(she)成60千(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)(le)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)人M.霍希施(shi)泰特(te)研制成分相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)絕緣表面的正切應(ying)力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中的里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制成1100千(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)的特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電壓等級可分(fen)為中、低壓電力電纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以下(xia)）、高(gao)(gao)壓電纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓電纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以及(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓電纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上）。此外，還可按(an)電流(liu)制分(fen)為交流(liu)電纜(lan)(lan)和直(zhi)流(liu)電纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其應用(yong)(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它(ta)安(an)全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設(she)受落差(cha)限制。自(zi)從開發出不滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決了落差(cha)限制問題，使(shi)油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)結構簡(jian)單,制造加工方便，重量輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差限制。因此廣泛(fan)應用(yong)作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，并有取代粘性(xing)浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的趨(qu)勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存在樹枝(zhi)化(hua)擊穿現象，這(zhe)限制了它(ta)在更高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為(wei)橡膠加(jia)上(shang)各種配合劑，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后擠包(bao)在導電線芯上(shang)，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)加(jia)溫硫化而成。它柔(rou)軟，富有(you)彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小(xiao)的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天(tian)然膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按(an)電壓等級分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜：適(shi)用于固定敷(fu)設在交流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸配電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上作(zuo)輸送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)用。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)，聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高(gao)壓電(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基(ji)本結(jie)構由線芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣(yuan)層、屏蔽(bi)層和保護(hu)層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)(dian)部分，用來(lai)輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是(shi)將線(xian)芯(xin)與大地以及不同相的(de)(de)線(xian)芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上彼(bi)此隔離，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少的(de)(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)一般都(dou)有導體屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)和絕(jue)緣屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界雜質和(he)水分的侵入，以及防(fang)止外(wai)力(li)直(zhi)接損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要優點(dian)：

1占地少(shao)。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝道，隧(sui)道中，線間絕緣距離(li)小，不用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占地少(shao)，基(ji)本不占地面上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高。受(shou)氣候(hou)條件和(he)周圍環境影響(xiang)小(xiao)，傳(chuan)輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有(you)向超高(gao)壓(ya)，大(da)容(rong)量發展的更(geng)為(wei)有(you)利的條件(jian)，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢(han)語拼音第(di)一個字母的大寫表示絕緣種類、導體材(cai)料(liao)、內(nei)護層(ceng)材(cai)料(liao)和結(jie)構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表分(fen)相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外護層構成，有二(er)位數(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝層，無(wu)外被層。第一位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝，第二(er)位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲(si)鎧(kai)裝纖維外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號(hao)按(an)電纜結構的排列一般依次(ci)序為(wei)：絕(jue)緣材(cai)料(liao)(liao)；導體材(cai)料(liao)(liao)；內護(hu)層(ceng)；外護(hu)層(ceng)。

4.電纜產(chan)品用型號(hao)、額定電壓和規格表示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再(zai)加上(shang)說(shuo)明額定電壓、芯數和標稱截面積(ji)的。

型號詳(xiang)細說明(ming)

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內(nei)通信電纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼(gang)雙層金(jin)屬帶屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充(chong)G——高(gao)頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼帶(dai)繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層細(xi)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外(wai)被(bei)層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)安裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線；RY 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)