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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用于傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路、工礦企業(ye)內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水(shui)下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重(zhong)正(zheng)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的主干線(xian)路中用以傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的使(shi)用(yong)至今已有百(bai)年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類(lei)：按(an)電壓等級(ji)分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使用至今已有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅棒上包繞(rao)黃麻并將其(qi)穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青混合物制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于(yu)紐約(yue)，開創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦與德(de)特福(fu)德(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)了10千伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建(jian)成20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成60千伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍(huo)希施泰特研(yan)制成分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了絕緣表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)(de)(de)里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了380千伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應用。到80年(nian)代(dai)已制成1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級(ji)可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外，還(huan)可按電(dian)流制(zhi)分為(wei)交流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材(cai)料分

1、油浸紙絕緣電力電纜(lan)以油浸紙作絕緣的電力電纜(lan)。其(qi)應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它安全可靠，使用(yong)壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格(ge)低廉。主(zhu)要缺點(dian)是敷(fu)設受落差限(xian)制(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流浸紙絕緣后，解決了落差限(xian)制(zhi)問(wen)題，使油浸紙絕緣電纜(lan)得以繼(ji)續廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜 　絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層為擠壓塑(su)料的(de)電力(li)電纜。常用的(de)塑(su)料有(you)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)料電纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便(bian)，重量(liang)輕，敷設安裝方便(bian),不受敷設落(luo)差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣泛(fan)應用作中低(di)壓電纜，并有(you)取(qu)代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電纜的(de)趨勢。其最大缺點(dian)是存在樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在更高電壓的(de)使用。

3、橡皮絕緣電力電纜　絕緣層為橡膠加(jia)上(shang)各種配合劑，經過充分混(hun)煉后擠包在導電線(xian)芯上(shang)，經過加(jia)溫硫化(hua)而成。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑(jing)小的場合。

常(chang)用作(zuo)絕(jue)緣的(de)膠(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)苯(ben)膠(jiao)混(hun)合(he)物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸(shu)配電(dian)線路上作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用。

2、中低(di)壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)，聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上(shang)）：聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)電纜(lan)(lan)和交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基本(ben)結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的基本(ben)結(jie)構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)和(he)保(bao)護層(ceng)四部(bu)分組成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的主(zhu)要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)(shi)將線(xian)芯與大地以及不同相的線(xian)芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能輸(shu)送，是(shi)(shi)電力電纜結構中不可缺(que)少的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜(lan)一般都(dou)有導體屏(ping)蔽層和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是(shi)保(bao)護電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)免受外(wai)界雜(za)質和水分的侵入，以及(ji)防(fang)止外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋設于(yu)土壤中或敷(fu)設于(yu)室內，溝道(dao)，隧(sui)道(dao)中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不(bu)占(zhan)地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件和周(zhou)圍環境影(ying)響小，傳(chuan)輸性能(neng)穩定(ding)，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的更為有利的條件，如(ru)低溫，超導電力(li)電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材料、內護層(ceng)材料和結構特點。如(ru)用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)(ceng)構成(cheng)，有二位數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無鎧裝層(ceng)(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)(ceng)。第一(yi)位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示鎧裝，第二位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)(wai)被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構(gou)的(de)排列一(yi)般(ban)依次序(xu)為：絕緣材(cai)(cai)料；導體材(cai)(cai)料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額定(ding)(ding)電壓和規(gui)格表示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再(zai)加上說明(ming)額定(ding)(ding)電壓、芯數(shu)和標稱截(jie)面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)(dian)纜

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙烯絕緣YF——泡沫聚烯烴(jing)絕緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯烴(jing)絕緣

（3）內(nei)護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防(fang)腐鋼帶繞(rao)包銷裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣平型(xing)連(lian)接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕緣絞型(xing)軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型