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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸和分配電(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)于城(cheng)市地下電(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企(qi)業內部供電(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水下輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占(zhan)比(bi)重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)路中(zhong)用(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)輸和分配大(da)功(gong)率(lv)電(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用(yong)至今已有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按(an)電壓(ya)等級(ji)分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的使用至(zhi)今已有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞黃(huang)麻并(bing)將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青混合物(wu)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創(chuang)了(le)(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國人卡(ka)倫德(de)發(fa)明瀝(li)青浸漬紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷(fu)設了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)(ying)國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的應用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國敷(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍希(xi)施泰特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣(yuan)表面的正切應力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的應用。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓等級可分為(wei)中、低壓電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以下）、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以上)、超高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以及(ji)(ji)特高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。其應用歷史最長(chang)。它安(an)全可靠，使用壽(shou)命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設受落(luo)差(cha)(cha)限制(zhi)。自(zi)從開(kai)發(fa)出不滴(di)流浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決(jue)了落(luo)差(cha)(cha)限制(zhi)問題，使油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛(fan)應用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)為擠壓塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有(you)聚氯乙(yi)烯、聚乙(yi)烯、交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造加工方便(bian)，重量輕(qing)，敷設(she)(she)安裝方便(bian),不受敷設(she)(she)落差限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。因此廣泛應用(yong)作(zuo)中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有(you)取(qu)代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨(qu)勢(shi)。其最(zui)大(da)缺點是存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象(xiang)，這限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)了(le)它在(zai)更(geng)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上各種配合(he)劑(ji)，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)充分混(hun)煉后(hou)擠包在導電線芯(xin)上，經(jing)(jing)過(guo)加溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富有彈(dan)性，適合(he)于移動頻繁、敷(fu)設(she)彎曲(qu)半(ban)徑小的場(chang)合(he)。

常用作(zuo)絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有(you)天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁(ding)(ding)苯膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁(ding)(ding)基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓(ya)電纜(lan)：適用于固定敷設在(zai)交流50Hz，額(e)定電壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸配電線路上作輸送電能用。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)等(deng)。

3、高(gao)壓(ya)電纜：（一般為110KV及(ji)以上）：聚乙(yi)烯(xi)電纜和交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結構(gou)：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)基(ji)本結構(gou)由線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線(xian)芯(xin)是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層是將線(xian)芯(xin)與(yu)大地以及不同相(xiang)的線(xian)芯(xin)間(jian)在電(dian)氣上彼此隔(ge)離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結(jie)構中(zhong)不可缺(que)少的組成(cheng)部分。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都(dou)有導體(ti)屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的作用是(shi)保護電力(li)電纜(lan)免受(shou)外界雜質和水分的侵入，以及防止外力(li)直接損壞電力(li)電纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占地(di)(di)少。一般埋設于土壤(rang)中(zhong)或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道(dao)(dao)，隧道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占地(di)(di)少，基本不占地(di)(di)面(mian)上空間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍環境(jing)影(ying)響小(xiao)，傳輸性(xing)(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量發展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如低(di)溫，超導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜(lan)的型號

1.用漢語拼(pin)音(yin)第一個字母的大寫表示(shi)絕緣(yuan)種(zhong)類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用Z代(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)構成(cheng)，有二位數字。無(wu)數字代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被層(ceng)。第(di)一位數字表(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位數字表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如(ru)粗鋼絲(si)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維外(wai)被表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)(dian)纜型(xing)號按電(dian)(dian)纜結構的排列一般依(yi)次序為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內(nei)護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)(dian)纜產品用型號、額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)規格表示。其方法是在型號后再加上說明(ming)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓、芯(xin)數和(he)標稱截面積(ji)的。

型號(hao)詳細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局(ju)用電纜

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實心皮(pi)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏蔽聚乙烯護套S——鋁(lv)，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏蔽聚乙烯護套      V——聚氯(lv)乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填(tian)充(chong)G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層：23——雙(shuang)層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚(ju)乙烯外(wai)被層

33——單層(ceng)細(xi)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被(bei)層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

53——單(dan)層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被(bei)層

553——雙層(ceng)(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平(ping)型連(lian)接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟線(xian)(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防(fang)火型(xing)