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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用于(yu)傳輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于(yu)城市地下(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出(chu)線(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下(xia)(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸(jian)增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線(xian)路(lu)中用以傳輸和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及以上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的(de)使用(yong)至今(jin)已有百年(nian)

主要分類

分類(lei)：按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用至(zhi)今已(yi)有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包繞(rao)黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充(chong)瀝(li)青混(hun)合物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐(niu)約，開創了地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝(li)青浸(jin)漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人(ren)S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷設了10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越來越廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國敷設成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國人(ren)M.霍希施(shi)泰特(te)研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善(shan)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消(xiao)除(chu)了絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)里(li)程(cheng)碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)可分為中、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上(shang))、超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)制分為交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜(lan)以(yi)油浸(jin)(jin)紙作(zuo)絕緣(yuan)的(de)電力(li)電纜(lan)。其應用歷史(shi)最長(chang)。它安(an)全可靠，使(shi)用壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差(cha)限制。自從開(kai)發出不(bu)滴流浸(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)后，解決(jue)了(le)落差(cha)限制問(wen)題，使(shi)油浸(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑(su)料(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。常(chang)用的(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制(zhi)造加(jia)工方便(bian)，重量輕(qing)，敷(fu)設安裝方便(bian),不受敷(fu)設落差(cha)限制(zhi)。因此(ci)廣泛應用作中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代(dai)粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存在(zai)樹枝化擊(ji)穿現象，這(zhe)限制(zhi)了它在(zai)更高電(dian)壓的(de)(de)使(shi)用。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力電纜(lan)　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上(shang)(shang)各種配(pei)合劑(ji)，經過充分(fen)混煉(lian)后(hou)擠(ji)包在導(dao)電線芯(xin)上(shang)(shang)，經過加溫(wen)硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合于(yu)移動頻繁、敷(fu)設(she)彎曲半徑小(xiao)的場合。

常用作(zuo)絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙(yi)丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓等(deng)級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓電(dian)纜：適用于固定敷設(she)在交流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸配(pei)電(dian)線(xian)路上作(zuo)輸送(song)電(dian)能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電纜和交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜的基本結構(gou)由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)(ceng)和保護層(ceng)(ceng)四部分(fen)組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與大(da)地以及不同相(xiang)的線芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少(shao)的組(zu)成部分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電力電纜(lan)一般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護(hu)層的作(zuo)用是(shi)保護(hu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)免受外(wai)界雜質和水分(fen)的侵入，以及(ji)防止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般埋設于(yu)土壤(rang)中或敷設于(yu)室內，溝道(dao)(dao)，隧道(dao)(dao)中，線間絕緣距(ju)離小(xiao)，不用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占地少，基本不占地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍(wei)環(huan)境影響(xiang)小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量發展的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力電纜的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一(yi)個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、內護(hu)層材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數字表示(shi)外護(hu)層構成，有(you)二(er)(er)位(wei)數字。無數字代表無鎧(kai)(kai)裝層，無外被層。第一位(wei)數字表示(shi)鎧(kai)(kai)裝，第二(er)(er)位(wei)數字表示(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)(kai)裝纖維外被表示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜型號(hao)按(an)電纜結構(gou)的排列一般依次序(xu)為：絕(jue)緣材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產(chan)品用型號、額(e)定電壓和規格表示(shi)。其方法是在型號后再(zai)加上說明額(e)定電壓、芯(xin)數和標稱截面積的(de)。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣

（3）內護(hu)(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)(lv)帶粘接屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套S——鋁(lv)(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)(ceng)金屬帶屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套      V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油(you)膏填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶(dai)繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線(xian)(xian)；BLV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線(xian)(xian)；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟(ruan)(ruan)線；RV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣安裝軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣平型(xing)連接線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣絞(jiao)型(xing)軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃(ran)型NH：耐火型DH：防火型