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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于傳輸和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比(bi)重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)主干線(xian)路中用(yong)以傳輸和(he)分配(pei)大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品(pin)，包(bao)括1-500KV以及以上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級分(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今(jin)已(yi)(yi)有(you)百余年歷史。1879年，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)家(jia)T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞(rao)黃麻并(bing)將(jiang)其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合物(wu)制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創了(le)(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)卡倫德(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)(ming)瀝青浸漬紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與德(de)(de)特(te)福德(de)(de)之間敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年，英(ying)國(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年，德(de)(de)國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設成(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展。1913年，德(de)(de)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)M.霍希施泰特(te)研制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)絕(jue)緣表面的(de)正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)里(li)程碑。1952年，瑞典在(zai)北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到80年代已(yi)(yi)制成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)特(te)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級可分為中、低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)(qian)伏及以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)(qian)伏以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分為交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電力電纜以油浸紙作絕緣(yuan)的電力電纜。其應用(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它安(an)全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點(dian)是敷設受落差限(xian)制。自從(cong)開發出不滴流浸紙絕緣(yuan)后，解決了落差限(xian)制問(wen)題，使(shi)油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電纜得以繼續廣(guang)泛應用(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)(liao)絕(jue)緣電力電纜 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑料(liao)(liao)的電力電纜。常用(yong)的塑料(liao)(liao)有(you)聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯聚乙烯。塑料(liao)(liao)電纜結構(gou)簡單(dan),制(zhi)造加工方便，重(zhong)量輕，敷(fu)設安(an)裝(zhuang)方便,不受敷(fu)設落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中低壓電纜，并(bing)有(you)取(qu)代粘性(xing)浸漬油紙(zhi)電纜的趨(qu)勢。其(qi)最大缺點是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)樹(shu)枝(zhi)化擊穿(chuan)現象，這限制(zhi)了它(ta)在(zai)更(geng)高電壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)上各種配(pei)合劑，經(jing)過充分混煉(lian)后(hou)擠包在導電(dian)線芯(xin)上，經(jing)過加(jia)溫硫化而(er)成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性(xing)，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小的(de)場合。

常用作絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙(bing)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等。

按(an)電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)(yong)于固定敷設在(zai)交流50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配(pei)電(dian)線(xian)路上作輸送電(dian)能用(yong)(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等(deng)。

3、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上(shang)）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電(dian)纜和交聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。

基(ji)(ji)本結構：電力電纜的基(ji)(ji)本結構由線芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣(yuan)層、屏蔽層和保護層四(si)部分組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)部分，用來(lai)輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與大(da)地以及不(bu)同相的(de)線芯間在電(dian)(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔(ge)離，保證電(dian)(dian)能(neng)輸送(song)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜結構(gou)中(zhong)不(bu)可缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都有(you)導體屏蔽層和絕緣(yuan)屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)作(zuo)用是保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜免受(shou)外界(jie)雜質(zhi)和水分的(de)侵(qin)入，以(yi)及(ji)防止外力(li)(li)直接損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少。一般埋(mai)設于(yu)土壤中或敷設于(yu)室內，溝(gou)道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)少，基本不占(zhan)地(di)面上空間。

2可靠(kao)性高。受氣(qi)候條(tiao)件和周圍環(huan)境影響小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠(kao)性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發展的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型(xing)號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第一個字(zi)母的大寫表示絕緣種類(lei)、導(dao)體材料、內(nei)護層材料和結構(gou)特點。如用Z代(dai)(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二位(wei)數字(zi)(zi)。無數字(zi)(zi)代表(biao)無鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第一位(wei)數字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位(wei)數字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維外(wai)被(bei)表(biao)示為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結構的排(pai)列一(yi)般依次序為(wei)：絕緣材料(liao)(liao)；導體材料(liao)(liao)；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電纜產品(pin)用型(xing)(xing)號、額定電壓和規格表示。其方法是在(zai)型(xing)(xing)號后(hou)再加上說明(ming)額定電壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型(xing)號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通(tong)信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙(shuang)層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承(cheng)式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被(bei)層

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝(zhuang)軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平型(xing)連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型