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電力電纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常(chang)用(yong)于城(cheng)市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)、工礦企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸(jian)增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線路(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)以(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)大功(gong)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分類

分(fen)類(lei)：按電壓(ya)等(deng)級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)歷(li)史(shi)。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)棒(bang)上包(bao)繞黃麻并將(jiang)其(qi)穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝(li)青混(hun)合物制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡(ka)倫(lun)德(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝(li)青浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費(fei)蘭梯在(zai)(zai)倫(lun)敦與德(de)(de)特(te)福德(de)(de)之間敷設(she)(she)了10千伏油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施泰(tai)特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了絕緣表面(mian)的(de)正切應力，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典在(zai)(zai)北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了380千伏超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)代(dai)已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏、1200千伏的(de)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏以(yi)上(shang))、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏）以(yi)及(ji)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電力電纜(lan)。其應用歷史最長(chang)。它安全可靠，使用壽命(ming)長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差限制(zhi)。自從開(kai)發出(chu)不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了落差限制(zhi)問題，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛(fan)應用。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的塑(su)料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方(fang)便，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安(an)裝方(fang)便,不受敷(fu)設(she)落(luo)差限(xian)制。因此(ci)廣泛應(ying)用作中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘(zhan)性(xing)浸(jin)漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其(qi)最大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了它在更(geng)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的使用。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠(jiao)加上(shang)各種配(pei)合(he)劑(ji)，經過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在導(dao)電線芯上(shang)，經過(guo)加溫硫化而成(cheng)。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性，適合(he)于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半(ban)徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用于固定敷(fu)設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上(shang)作(zuo)輸送電(dian)(dian)能用。

2、中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜和交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以上）。

基本結構：電力電纜的基本結構由(you)線芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部分，用來(lai)輸送電(dian)能，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)線芯與大地(di)以(yi)及不(bu)同相的(de)線芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電(dian)能輸(shu)送(song)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)結構中不(bu)可(ke)缺少(shao)的(de)組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕(jue)緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的作用是(shi)保護電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)免受外(wai)(wai)界雜質和水(shui)分的侵(qin)入，以及(ji)防止(zhi)外(wai)(wai)力(li)直接(jie)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋設于土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)或敷(fu)設于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基(ji)本不占(zhan)地面上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環境影響小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超(chao)高壓，大容量發(fa)展的更為有利的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超(chao)導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第(di)一個(ge)字母的大(da)寫表(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材(cai)料、內(nei)護(hu)層材(cai)料和(he)結(jie)構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示外護層(ceng)構(gou)成，有二(er)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外被(bei)層(ceng)。第(di)一位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二(er)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示外被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維(wei)外被(bei)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按(an)電(dian)纜結構的排(pai)列一(yi)般(ban)依(yi)次序(xu)為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額(e)定電壓(ya)和規格表示。其方法(fa)是(shi)在型號(hao)后再加上說(shuo)明(ming)額(e)定電壓(ya)、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實(shi)心皮(pi)聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯護套S——鋁(lv)，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬(shu)帶屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯護套      V——聚氯乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯外(wai)被(bei)層

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包(bao)鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣安(an)裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平型連接線軟(ruan)(ruan)線；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)DH：防(fang)火(huo)型(xing)