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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于(yu)(yu)傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線路(lu)、工(gong)礦企業內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所(suo)占比重正(zheng)逐漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的主干線路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品(pin)，包(bao)括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各(ge)種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百年

主要分類(lei)

分類：按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在銅棒(bang)上包繞黃(huang)麻并將(jiang)其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合物制(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜敷設(she)于紐(niu)約，開(kai)創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費(fei)蘭梯(ti)在倫(lun)敦(dun)與德(de)(de)(de)特福德(de)(de)(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)10千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成20千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得到越(yue)來越(yue)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)敷設(she)成60千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，開(kai)始(shi)了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)人(ren)M.霍(huo)希施泰(tai)特研制(zhi)成分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,改善(shan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)正切(qie)應(ying)力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜發(fa)展中的(de)(de)(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典(dian)在北部(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)了(le)380千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,實現了(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成1100千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)(yi)上(shang))、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)）。此外，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)按(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材(cai)料分

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油浸紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其(qi)應(ying)用歷史最長。它安全(quan)可靠，使(shi)用壽命長，價格低廉(lian)。主要(yao)缺點是敷設受落差(cha)限制(zhi)。自從開發出不(bu)滴流浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解(jie)決了落差(cha)限制(zhi)問題，使(shi)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜得以繼續(xu)廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)為擠壓塑料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的塑料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)烯、聚乙(yi)烯、交聯聚乙(yi)烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便,不受敷(fu)設(she)落差(cha)限制(zhi)。因此廣(guang)泛應用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)，并有取(qu)代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的趨(qu)勢(shi)。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象，這限制(zhi)了它(ta)在更高電(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上各(ge)種配(pei)合劑，經過充分混(hun)煉(lian)后擠(ji)包在導(dao)電線(xian)芯上，經過加溫硫化(hua)而成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合于移動(dong)頻(pin)繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑(jing)小的場合。

常用作絕緣(yuan)的膠料(liao)有天然(ran)膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙丙(bing)膠、丁基(ji)膠等(deng)。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適(shi)用于固定(ding)敷設(she)在交流50Hz，額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配電(dian)線路(lu)上作輸送電(dian)能用。

2、中(zhong)低壓電纜：（一般指35KV及(ji)以下）：聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜，聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜，交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電纜和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結構(gou)(gou)：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構(gou)(gou)由線(xian)芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)、屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和(he)保護層(ceng)四部分組成。

1.線芯是電力(li)電纜的導電部分(fen)，用來輸(shu)送電能(neng)，是電力(li)電纜的主要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是將線芯與大地以(yi)及(ji)不(bu)同相的線芯間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此隔(ge)離，保(bao)證電(dian)能輸(shu)送(song)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)結構中不(bu)可缺少的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都(dou)有導體(ti)屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作用(yong)是保護(hu)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免(mian)受(shou)外界雜質和水(shui)分的(de)侵(qin)入，以(yi)及(ji)防止外力(li)直接損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地(di)少。一般(ban)埋(mai)設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕緣距離(li)小，不(bu)用桿塔，占地(di)少，基本不(bu)占地(di)面上(shang)空間。

2可(ke)靠性高(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件和(he)周圍環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳輸(shu)性能(neng)穩定，可(ke)靠性高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超高壓(ya)，大容量發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)更為有(you)利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電力(li)電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音(yin)第一(yi)個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體材料(liao)、內護層材料(liao)和(he)結構特點。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示外(wai)護層(ceng)構(gou)成，有(you)二(er)(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)代表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被層(ceng)。第一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示鎧(kai)裝，第二(er)(er)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示外(wai)被，如粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)示為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排列一般依次序為：絕(jue)緣材(cai)(cai)料；導體(ti)材(cai)(cai)料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)規(gui)格表示。其(qi)方法是(shi)在型號后再加上(shang)說明額定電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標(biao)稱截(jie)面積的。

型號詳細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市內(nei)通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實(shi)心(xin)皮聚(ju)(ju)烯烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘(zhan)接屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)      V——聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼(gang)帶繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單(dan)層(ceng)粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連(lian)接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞(jiao)型軟線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低(di)煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防(fang)火型