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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常(chang)用(yong)于城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路(lu)、工(gong)礦企業內(nei)部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重(zhong)正(zheng)逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的使用(yong)至今(jin)已有(you)百年(nian)

主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)類(lei)

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒(bang)上包繞黃(huang)麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵管內，然后填充瀝青混合物制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸漬紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與德(de)(de)特(te)福德(de)(de)之間敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏油浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得(de)到越來越廣的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特(te)研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布(bu),消(xiao)除了(le)(le)(le)絕(jue)緣表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)正切應力(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)(de)(de)里程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)伏的(de)(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分(fen)為中、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千伏(fu)以上(shang))、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千伏(fu)）以及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以上(shang)）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)纜和直流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜以(yi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電力電纜。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它安全可靠，使用(yong)壽命長，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設(she)受落差(cha)限制(zhi)。自從開發出不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了(le)落差(cha)限制(zhi)問(wen)題，使油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜得以(yi)繼(ji)續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的塑料(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造(zao)加工方便(bian)(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝方便(bian)(bian),不受敷(fu)設落差限制。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取代(dai)粘性浸漬(zi)油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點是存在(zai)(zai)樹枝化(hua)擊(ji)穿現象，這(zhe)限制了它在(zai)(zai)更高電(dian)(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層(ceng)為橡膠加(jia)上各種配合(he)(he)劑(ji)，經過(guo)(guo)充分混(hun)煉(lian)后擠包在導電(dian)(dian)線(xian)芯上，經過(guo)(guo)加(jia)溫硫(liu)化而(er)成。它柔軟，富(fu)有彈性，適合(he)(he)于(yu)移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場(chang)合(he)(he)。

常用(yong)作(zuo)絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天(tian)然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等(deng)。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓(ya)電纜(lan)：適(shi)用于(yu)固定敷(fu)設在(zai)交流50Hz，額(e)定電壓(ya)3kv及以(yi)下的輸配電線路上(shang)作輸送(song)電能用。

2、中低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一(yi)般指(zhi)35KV及(ji)以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電(dian)(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓(ya)電纜：（1000千伏(fu)及以上）。

基(ji)本結構：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構由線芯(xin)（導體(ti)）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分(fen)組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是(shi)將(jiang)線芯(xin)與(yu)大(da)地以及不(bu)同相的(de)線芯(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保證(zheng)電(dian)能輸(shu)送(song)，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不(bu)可(ke)缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都有導體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護(hu)層的作用(yong)是(shi)保護(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)免(mian)受外界(jie)雜質和(he)水(shui)分(fen)的侵入，以及防止(zhi)外力直接損壞(huai)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。

主(zhu)要(yao)優點：

1占地(di)少。一(yi)般埋設(she)于(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設(she)于(yu)室內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣距(ju)離(li)小，不用桿塔，占地(di)少，基本不占地(di)面上空間(jian)。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)高。受氣(qi)候條件和周圍環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳(chuan)輸性(xing)(xing)能穩定(ding)，可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)高。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更為有(you)利的條件，如低溫，超導(dao)電(dian)力電(dian)纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的(de)型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第(di)一(yi)個字母的(de)大(da)寫表(biao)示絕緣(yuan)種類(lei)、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點(dian)。如(ru)用Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示(shi)外護層(ceng)(ceng)構(gou)成，有二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)代表無鎧裝層(ceng)(ceng)，無外被層(ceng)(ceng)。第一(yi)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示(shi)鎧裝，第二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表示(shi)外被，如粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝纖維外被表示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號(hao)按電(dian)纜結構(gou)的排(pai)列(lie)一般依次序為(wei)：絕(jue)緣材料；導(dao)體(ti)材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額(e)定電壓和規(gui)格表示。其(qi)方法是在型號后再加上說明額(e)定電壓、芯數和標稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局(ju)用(yong)電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮(pi)聚烯(xi)(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金(jin)屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏(gao)填(tian)充G——高頻隔(ge)離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被(bei)層

53——單(dan)層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)電(dian)(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)電(dian)(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)(huo)型(xing)DH：防火(huo)(huo)型(xing)