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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于(yu)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于(yu)城(cheng)市(shi)地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工(gong)礦企(qi)業(ye)內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水(shui)下(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的主干(gan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)，各(ge)種絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的使用至(zhi)今已有(you)百年

主(zhu)要(yao)分類

分類：按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的使用至今(jin)已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵(tie)管(guan)內，然后(hou)填充(chong)瀝(li)青混(hun)合物(wu)制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)于(yu)紐約，開創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人卡倫德發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)瀝(li)青浸漬(zi)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德特福德之(zhi)間(jian)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了10千(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越(yue)來越(yue)廣的應(ying)(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開始了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施泰特研制成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了絕緣(yuan)(yuan)表面的正(zheng)切應(ying)(ying)力，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了380千(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現(xian)了超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的應(ying)(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)的特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)以下）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏(fu)以上(shang))、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以及(ji)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)以上(shang)）。此外(wai)，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕(jue)緣材料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)，價格(ge)低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是(shi)敷設(she)受(shou)落差限制。自從開發(fa)出不滴(di)流浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后，解決了(le)落差限制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。常用的(de)(de)塑(su)料(liao)有(you)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(xi)、交聯聚乙烯(xi)(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝方(fang)便(bian),不受敷設(she)落差(cha)限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣(guang)泛應用作中(zhong)低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，并有(you)取(qu)代粘性浸(jin)漬(zi)油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)趨勢。其(qi)最大缺點是存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它在(zai)更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)使(shi)用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡(xiang)膠(jiao)加(jia)上(shang)各種配合(he)劑，經(jing)過充分混煉(lian)后擠包(bao)在導(dao)電(dian)線芯上(shang)，經(jing)過加(jia)溫(wen)硫化而成(cheng)。它(ta)柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性，適合(he)于移(yi)動頻繁、敷(fu)設(she)彎曲半徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓(ya)等級分

1、低壓電纜(lan)：適用于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以(yi)下(xia)的輸配電線路上作輸送電能用。

2、中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)等。

3、高(gao)壓電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯(xi)電纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及(ji)以上(shang)）。

基(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構：電力電纜的基(ji)本(ben)結(jie)構由(you)線芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和(he)保護層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主要(yao)部(bu)(bu)分。

2.絕緣層(ceng)是將線芯與大(da)地以(yi)及(ji)不(bu)同相(xiang)的(de)(de)線芯間在電(dian)氣(qi)上彼此(ci)隔離(li)，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)結構中(zhong)不(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)(de)組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都有導體(ti)屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣(yuan)屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作用是(shi)保護(hu)電力電纜免受外界雜質(zhi)和(he)水(shui)分(fen)的(de)侵入(ru)，以及防(fang)止外力直(zhi)接損壞電力電纜。

主要優(you)點(dian)：

1占地少(shao)。一般(ban)埋(mai)設(she)于土(tu)壤中或(huo)敷設(she)于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中，線間(jian)絕緣(yuan)距離小(xiao)，不(bu)用桿塔(ta)，占地少(shao)，基本不(bu)占地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠(kao)性高(gao)。受(shou)氣候條(tiao)件和周圍環(huan)境影響小，傳輸(shu)性能穩定，可靠(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量發展的更(geng)為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫(xie)表(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料、內(nei)護層材料和結(jie)構特點。如(ru)用Z代(dai)(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)示外護層構(gou)成，有二位(wei)數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝層，無(wu)外被層。第一位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示鎧裝，第二位(wei)數(shu)字表(biao)示外被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排列一(yi)般依(yi)次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜(lan)產品(pin)用(yong)型號(hao)、額(e)定(ding)電壓和規格表(biao)示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再加上說明額(e)定(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱截(jie)面(mian)積的。

型號(hao)詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電纜HP——配(pei)線(xian)電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)烯烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮(pi)聚(ju)烯烴絕緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)粘接屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離(li)C——自(zi)承式

（5）外護(hu)層：23——雙層防(fang)腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細(xi)鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯被層(ceng)

43——單(dan)層粗(cu)鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)外(wai)被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣平型連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃(ran)型(xing)(xing)NH：耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)(huo)型(xing)(xing)