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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用于(yu)(yu)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于(yu)(yu)城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路、工(gong)礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)(de)主干線路中用以傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品(pin)，包括1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今(jin)已有(you)百年

主要分類(lei)

分類：按電壓等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的使用至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其(qi)穿(chuan)入(ru)鐵管(guan)內，然后填(tian)充瀝青(qing)混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷設(she)于紐(niu)約，開創了地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人卡(ka)倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸(jin)漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在倫(lun)敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之(zhi)間敷設(she)了10千伏油(you)浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)20千伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越來越廣的應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷設(she)成(cheng)60千伏高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開始了高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施(shi)泰特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了絕緣表面(mian)的正切應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了380千伏超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實(shi)現了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的應(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千伏、1200千伏的特(te)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)可分為中(zhong)、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以下）、高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏(fu)以上(shang)(shang))、超高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以及(ji)(ji)特高壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以上(shang)(shang)）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用歷史(shi)最(zui)長。它安全可靠，使(shi)用壽命長，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷設受落差(cha)限制。自從(cong)開發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決了落差(cha)限制問題，使(shi)油(you)(you)浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。常用的(de)塑料有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑料電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)結(jie)構簡單,制造加工(gong)方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷設安(an)裝方(fang)便(bian),不受(shou)敷設落(luo)差限制。因此廣泛應用作中低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，并有取(qu)代粘(zhan)性浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)趨(qu)勢(shi)。其最大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制了(le)它(ta)在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為(wei)橡(xiang)膠加上各種配(pei)合(he)劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在(zai)導電線(xian)芯上，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富(fu)有(you)彈性，適合(he)于移動(dong)頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小(xiao)的場(chang)合(he)。

常(chang)用作絕緣的(de)膠料有天然(ran)膠-丁苯膠混合物，乙(yi)丙膠、丁基(ji)膠等(deng)。

按(an)電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用于固定敷(fu)設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以(yi)下(xia)的輸配電線路上作輸送電能用。

2、中(zhong)低(di)壓電(dian)纜：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電(dian)纜和交(jiao)聯(lian)聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千(qian)伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構：電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)基(ji)本結(jie)構由(you)線芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)、屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四(si)部分(fen)組成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)電力電纜(lan)的導電部(bu)分，用來(lai)輸送電能，是(shi)電力電纜(lan)的主(zhu)要部(bu)分。

2.絕(jue)緣層(ceng)是將線芯(xin)與大地以(yi)及不(bu)同相(xiang)的(de)線芯(xin)間在電氣上彼此(ci)隔離，保(bao)證(zheng)電能輸(shu)送，是電力電纜結(jie)構(gou)中不(bu)可缺少的(de)組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)一般都(dou)有導體屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜免受外界雜質和水(shui)分的侵(qin)入，以及防止外力(li)直接損壞電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優(you)點：

1占地(di)少。一般埋設于土(tu)壤(rang)中或(huo)敷設于室(shi)內，溝道(dao)，隧(sui)道(dao)中，線間(jian)(jian)絕(jue)緣距離(li)小，不用桿塔，占地(di)少，基本不占地(di)面上(shang)空間(jian)(jian)。

2可(ke)靠性高。受氣(qi)候條件(jian)和周圍環(huan)境(jing)影響小，傳(chuan)輸性能穩定，可(ke)靠性高。

3具有向超高(gao)壓，大(da)容(rong)量發(fa)展的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢語(yu)拼音第一個(ge)字母(mu)的大(da)寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材料(liao)、內護(hu)層材料(liao)和結構(gou)特(te)點。如用Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示外(wai)護層構成，有二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)代(dai)表無鎧裝層，無外(wai)被(bei)層。第一位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示鎧裝，第二位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示外(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被(bei)表示為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按(an)電(dian)纜結構的排列一般(ban)依次序(xu)為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號(hao)、額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)規格表(biao)示。其方法(fa)是在型號(hao)后再(zai)加上說明額(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標稱(cheng)截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內通信(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)(bi)聚乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)      V——聚氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔(ge)離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯被(bei)層

53——單(dan)層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋(wen)縱包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電(dian)線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套電(dian)線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)平型連接線軟(ruan)線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)絞型軟(ruan)線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型