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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用于傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于城市地(di)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內(nei)部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重正逐(zhu)漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線路(lu)中(zhong)用以(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使(shi)用至今已有百年(nian)

主要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪(di)生在銅棒上包繞黃(huang)麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵管(guan)內(nei)，然后(hou)填充瀝(li)青(qing)混(hun)合物制(zhi)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜敷(fu)(fu)設(she)于紐約，開創(chuang)了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)卡(ka)倫德發(fa)明(ming)瀝(li)青(qing)浸(jin)(jin)漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費(fei)蘭(lan)梯在倫敦(dun)與德特(te)福德之間敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了(le)10千伏(fu)油浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜得到(dao)越來越廣的(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)成(cheng)60千伏(fu)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，開始了(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)人(ren)M.霍(huo)希施泰(tai)特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜內(nei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面(mian)的(de)(de)正切應力，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜發(fa)展中的(de)(de)里(li)程碑(bei)。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷(fu)(fu)設(she)了(le)380千伏(fu)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜,實(shi)現了(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)應用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)代已(yi)制(zhi)成(cheng)1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)上）。此外(wai)，還(huan)可(ke)(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流(liu)制(zhi)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油(you)浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙作(zuo)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其(qi)應用歷(li)史最長。它安(an)全(quan)可靠，使用壽命長，價(jia)格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是(shi)敷設受落(luo)差限制。自從開發出不滴(di)流(liu)浸紙絕緣后(hou)，解決(jue)了落(luo)差限制問題，使油(you)浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑(su)(su)料(liao)有聚氯(lv)乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯(lian)聚乙烯。塑(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝方(fang)便(bian),不受敷(fu)設落差限(xian)制。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘(zhan)性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其(qi)最大缺點是(shi)存在樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了它(ta)在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮(pi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上(shang)各種配合劑，經過充(chong)分混煉后擠(ji)包在導電(dian)線芯上(shang)，經過加溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富(fu)有彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常用(yong)作絕緣的膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料有(you)天(tian)然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等。

按(an)電壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用(yong)于固(gu)定敷(fu)設在交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電線路上作(zuo)輸送(song)電能用(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一(yi)般指(zhi)35KV及(ji)以下）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以(yi)上(shang)）：聚乙烯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以(yi)上(shang)）。

基(ji)本結構(gou)：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構(gou)由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽(bi)層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯(xin)是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)導(dao)電(dian)部分，用來(lai)輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線芯(xin)與大地以及不同相的(de)線芯(xin)間在電氣上彼此隔離(li)，保證電能輸送，是電力電纜結構中不可缺(que)少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上(shang)的電力(li)電纜一般都有導體屏蔽層和絕(jue)緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護層的(de)作用(yong)是保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜免受外界(jie)雜(za)質和水分的(de)侵入(ru)，以及防止外力直接損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優(you)點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋(mai)設于土(tu)壤(rang)中或敷設于室內(nei)，溝道，隧(sui)道中，線(xian)間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)地面(mian)上空間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣(qi)候條(tiao)件和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有向超(chao)高壓，大容量(liang)發展的更為有利的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超(chao)導電力電纜等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字(zi)母的大寫(xie)表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外護(hu)層(ceng)構(gou)成，有二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)，無(wu)外被(bei)(bei)層(ceng)。第一位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示外被(bei)(bei)，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維外被(bei)(bei)表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按(an)電纜(lan)結(jie)構的排列一(yi)般依(yi)次序為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外(wai)護層。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額定(ding)電壓(ya)和(he)規(gui)格表示。其方(fang)法是在型號(hao)后再(zai)加(jia)上說明額定(ding)電壓(ya)、芯(xin)數和(he)標稱截(jie)面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電(dian)纜HP——配線(xian)電(dian)纜HJ——局用電(dian)纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實心(xin)皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護套      V——聚氯乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔(ge)離(li)C——自承(cheng)式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯被(bei)層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋(wen)縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外(wai)被層

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平(ping)型(xing)連接線(xian)(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護(hu)套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低(di)煙型ZR: 阻燃(ran)型NH：耐火型DH：防(fang)火型