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電力電纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)用于傳輸和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用于城(cheng)市地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比(bi)重(zhong)正逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的主干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中用以傳輸和(he)分配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使(shi)用至今已有百年

主(zhu)要分類(lei)

分類(lei)：按電壓等級(ji)分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪(di)生在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填(tian)充瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)混合物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開創了地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫德發(fa)明瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)浸漬(zi)紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德特福(fu)德之(zhi)間敷設(she)(she)了10千伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的應(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希(xi)施泰特研制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布(bu),消除(chu)了絕緣(yuan)表面的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了380千伏(fu)(fu)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏及以(yi)(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏及以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)流(liu)(liu)制分為交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣材料分(fen)

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用歷史最(zui)長。它安全可靠，使用壽命長，價格低廉。主(zhu)要缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制。自從開發(fa)出(chu)不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解(jie)決了落差限(xian)制問(wen)題，使油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得以(yi)繼續(xu)廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。常(chang)用的塑(su)(su)料(liao)有聚氯(lv)乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯聚乙烯。塑(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝方(fang)便(bian),不受敷設(she)落差限制。因此廣泛應(ying)用作中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢(shi)。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象，這限制了(le)它(ta)在更高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的使用。

3、橡皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡膠(jiao)加上各(ge)種配合劑，經過充(chong)分混煉后(hou)擠包在導電(dian)線(xian)芯上，經過加溫硫化而(er)成(cheng)。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的(de)場合。

常用作絕緣(yuan)的(de)膠(jiao)料(liao)有天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)苯膠(jiao)混合(he)物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適(shi)用于固定(ding)敷(fu)設在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及以下的輸配電線(xian)路上作輸送電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電(dian)纜(lan)和交(jiao)聯(lian)聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結構：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構由線芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)。

1.線芯(xin)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與大地以及不同相(xiang)的線芯間在(zai)電(dian)(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)(dian)能輸(shu)送，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜結構中不可(ke)缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜免(mian)受外界雜質(zhi)和水分(fen)的侵入，以及防止外力(li)直接(jie)損壞電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優(you)點：

1占(zhan)地(di)(di)少。一(yi)般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝道，隧(sui)道中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)(di)少，基本不占(zhan)地(di)(di)面上空間(jian)。

2可靠(kao)性高(gao)。受氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環境影響小，傳(chuan)輸性能穩定，可靠(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超高壓(ya)，大容量發展的(de)更為有(you)利的(de)條件，如低(di)溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢(han)語拼音第一個字(zi)母(mu)的大寫表示絕緣(yuan)種(zhong)類(lei)、導體材(cai)料(liao)、內(nei)護層材(cai)料(liao)和(he)結(jie)構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)表紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外護(hu)層構成，有二位數字(zi)。無數字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧(kai)裝層，無外被層。第(di)一位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝，第(di)二位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外被，如(ru)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維(wei)外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結構的排列一般依(yi)次序為(wei)：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額(e)定電壓和規格(ge)表(biao)示。其方法是(shi)在(zai)型號(hao)后再加上說明額(e)定電壓、芯數(shu)和標(biao)稱截面積的(de)。

型(xing)號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電纜(lan)(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)/實(shi)心(xin)皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護(hu)(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏填(tian)充G——高頻隔離C——自(zi)承式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼(gang)絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯被層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套(tao)電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)