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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳輸和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業內(nei)部供電(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)纜所占(zhan)比(bi)重正(zheng)逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統的主干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸和分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)纜產品，包(bao)括(kuo)1-500KV以及以上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的使用(yong)至今(jin)已有(you)百(bai)年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)(yong)至今已(yi)(yi)有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪(di)生在(zai)銅(tong)棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入(ru)鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝(li)青混(hun)合(he)物制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開創了(le)(le)地(di)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)明瀝(li)青浸漬紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與(yu)德(de)特福德(de)之間敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)油浸紙(zhi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來(lai)越廣的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人M.霍希施泰(tai)特研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣表面(mian)的正切應(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)中的里(li)程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。到80年(nian)代已(yi)(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的特高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級可(ke)分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)(qian)伏及以下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)(qian)伏以上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏）以及特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)(qian)伏及以上）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜以(yi)油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最長。它(ta)安全(quan)可靠，使用(yong)壽命(ming)長，價格(ge)低廉(lian)。主要缺點是敷設受落(luo)差限制。自從開發出不滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)后，解(jie)決了落(luo)差限制問(wen)題，使油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續(xu)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑料絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠(ji)壓(ya)塑料的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常(chang)用的塑料有聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、交(jiao)聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)。塑料電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結(jie)構簡單,制造(zao)加工(gong)方便(bian)(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便(bian)(bian),不(bu)受敷(fu)設(she)落差限制。因此廣泛(fan)應用作(zuo)中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有取代粘性浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最(zui)大(da)缺點是存在樹枝(zhi)化擊穿現象，這限制了它(ta)在更高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力電纜(lan)　絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)為橡膠加上各種(zhong)配合劑，經(jing)過充分混煉(lian)后擠包在導(dao)電線芯上，經(jing)過加溫硫化而(er)成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷(fu)設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常用作(zuo)絕緣的膠料有天(tian)然(ran)膠-丁苯膠混合(he)物(wu)，乙(yi)丙膠、丁基(ji)膠等(deng)。

按電壓等(deng)級(ji)分

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于固定(ding)敷設在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸(shu)配電(dian)線路上作輸(shu)送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜和(he)交聯聚乙烯絕(jue)緣電纜等。

4、超高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及(ji)以上）。

基本(ben)結構：電力電纜的基本(ben)結構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽(bi)層和(he)保(bao)護(hu)層四部分組(zu)成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部分，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主(zhu)要部分。

2.絕緣層是將(jiang)線芯與(yu)大地以及不(bu)同相的線芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能輸送，是電力電纜(lan)結構中不(bu)可缺少(shao)的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上(shang)的電力電纜一般都有(you)導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)和絕緣(yuan)屏(ping)蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)作用是(shi)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外界雜質和水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外力直(zhi)接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主(zhu)要優(you)點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)。一般(ban)埋設于(yu)土壤中或敷設于(yu)室(shi)內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離小(xiao)，不用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)，基本不占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)上空間。

2可靠(kao)性(xing)高。受氣候條件和周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)影響小，傳輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可靠(kao)性(xing)高。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量(liang)發(fa)展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件(jian)，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語(yu)拼音第一個(ge)字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣(yuan)種類、導體材料(liao)、內護(hu)層材料(liao)和結(jie)構特點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)外護層構成，有二(er)位數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)外被層。第一(yi)位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第二(er)位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外被表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜(lan)型號按電(dian)纜(lan)結構的排(pai)列一般依次(ci)序為：絕緣材(cai)(cai)料；導(dao)體(ti)材(cai)(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型(xing)(xing)號、額(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)規格表示。其方法是在型(xing)(xing)號后再(zai)加上說明額(e)(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標稱截面積(ji)的(de)。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市(shi)內通信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶粘接屏(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶屏(ping)(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自(zi)承式

（5）外護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯被層

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯外被(bei)層(ceng)

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣聚氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套(tao)電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣聚氯(lv)(lv)(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套(tao)電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣平型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防(fang)火(huo)型(xing)(xing)