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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常(chang)用于城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)、工礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下(xia)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重正(zheng)逐漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸(shu)(shu)和分配大(da)功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至(zhi)今已有百(bai)年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類：按(an)電壓(ya)等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今(jin)已(yi)有百余年歷史。1879年，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發明家T.A.愛迪生在銅(tong)棒上包繞黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青(qing)混合物制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)于紐約，開創(chuang)了地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人卡倫德(de)發明瀝(li)青(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦(dun)與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)了10千伏(fu)(fu)油(you)浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來(lai)越廣的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。1911年，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷(fu)設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)。1913年，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人M.霍希施泰特(te)研制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了絕緣表面的(de)(de)正切應(ying)(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)發展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年，瑞(rui)典在北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)了380千伏(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用。到80年代已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)(fu)、1200千伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級可(ke)分為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏及以(yi)下(xia)）、高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏以(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)及特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。此外，還可(ke)按(an)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)制分為交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)歷(li)史最長。它安(an)全可靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽命長，價格低廉。主要(yao)缺點是敷設受(shou)落差限(xian)制(zhi)。自從(cong)開發出不滴流浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決了(le)落差限(xian)制(zhi)問題，使油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得以繼(ji)續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常(chang)用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有聚氯乙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)、交聯聚乙烯(xi)。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結(jie)構簡(jian)單,制(zhi)造加工方(fang)便(bian)(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝(zhuang)方(fang)便(bian)(bian),不受敷(fu)設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此(ci)廣泛應用(yong)作中(zhong)低(di)壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有取代(dai)粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點是(shi)存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制(zhi)了它(ta)在(zai)更高電(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠(jiao)加(jia)上各(ge)種(zhong)配合(he)劑，經過充分混煉后擠包在導電(dian)線芯(xin)上，經過加(jia)溫硫化而成。它柔(rou)軟(ruan)，富(fu)有彈性，適合(he)于移動(dong)頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙(yi)丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設(she)在(zai)交流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上(shang)作輸送(song)電(dian)(dian)能用。

2、中低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以(yi)下）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓(ya)電纜：（一(yi)般為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超(chao)高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上）。

基本結構：電力電纜(lan)的基本結構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)部分，用(yong)來輸送(song)電(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的主(zhu)要部分。

2.絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)是(shi)將線(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)與(yu)大地以(yi)及(ji)不同相的線(xian)(xian)芯(xin)(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣上(shang)彼此隔離，保證(zheng)電(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)結(jie)構(gou)中不可缺(que)少的組成部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電力電纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電力(li)電纜免受外界(jie)雜質和水(shui)分的侵(qin)入，以及防止外力(li)直接(jie)損壞電力(li)電纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝道，隧道中，線(xian)間絕緣(yuan)距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占地少，基本不(bu)占地面上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高(gao)。受氣(qi)候條件和周圍環境影響(xiang)小，傳輸性(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量(liang)發展(zhan)的更為有利的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導(dao)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料(liao)、內護(hu)層材料(liao)和結構(gou)特(te)點。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)外護層構成，有二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。無(wu)(wu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)(wu)外被層。第(di)一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)外被，如粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖(xian)維外被表(biao)示(shi)(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜型號(hao)按電纜結構的排列一般依次序為：絕緣材(cai)料(liao)；導(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用(yong)型(xing)號(hao)、額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓和(he)規格表示。其方(fang)法是在型(xing)號(hao)后(hou)再加上(shang)說明額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓、芯數和(he)標稱(cheng)截面積的(de)。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶粘(zhan)接屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬(shu)帶屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離(li)C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼(gang)帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼(gang)絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯(xi)被(bei)層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)(hu)套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)安(an)裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣平型連接(jie)線軟(ruan)(ruan)線；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣絞型軟(ruan)(ruan)線；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙烯絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防(fang)火(huo)型(xing)(xing)