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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)用于傳輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常(chang)用于城市(shi)地(di)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路、工礦企(qi)業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水(shui)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比(bi)重正逐漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)主(zhu)干(gan)線路中用以傳輸和分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以及以上(shang)各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜(lan)的(de)使用至今已(yi)有百年

主要分類

分類：按(an)電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發明家T.A.愛迪(di)生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合物制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡倫(lun)德發明瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)(zai)倫(lun)敦與德特福德之間敷(fu)設了(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到(dao)越來(lai)越廣的(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國敷(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍希施泰特研制成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除了(le)(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展(zhan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)(zai)北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設了(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓等級可(ke)分為(wei)中(zhong)、低壓電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)及以下）、高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)以上)、超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)）以及特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以上）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)以(yi)油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電力(li)電纜(lan)(lan)。其(qi)應用歷史最長。它安(an)全可靠，使(shi)用壽命長，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差(cha)限(xian)制。自從開發(fa)出(chu)不滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解決了落差(cha)限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油(you)(you)浸(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電纜(lan)(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓塑料的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)的(de)塑料有(you)聚氯乙(yi)烯、聚乙(yi)烯、交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯。塑料電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加工方便，重量輕，敷設安(an)裝方便,不受(shou)敷設落差限制。因此(ci)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)作中低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取代粘(zhan)性(xing)浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢(shi)。其(qi)最大缺點(dian)是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電力(li)電纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠(jiao)加上(shang)各種配(pei)合劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在導電線(xian)芯(xin)上(shang)，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫(liu)化而成。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性，適合于(yu)移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑小(xiao)的場(chang)合。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料有天(tian)然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙(yi)丙(bing)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等(deng)。

按電壓等級分(fen)

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固(gu)定(ding)敷設在(zai)交(jiao)流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配電(dian)線路上(shang)作輸送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指(zhi)35KV及(ji)以下）：聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜：（一般(ban)為110KV及以上）：聚乙烯電纜和交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超(chao)高壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本(ben)結構(gou)：電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的基本(ben)結構(gou)由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護(hu)層四部分(fen)組(zu)成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)部分，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的主要部分。

2.絕(jue)緣層是將線(xian)芯(xin)與大地以及不(bu)同相(xiang)的(de)線(xian)芯(xin)間在(zai)電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結構中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)缺少的(de)組(zu)成(cheng)部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜一般都有導(dao)體屏蔽層和絕(jue)緣(yuan)屏蔽層。

4.保護層的作用是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外界雜質和水分的侵入(ru)，以及防(fang)止外力直接損(sun)壞(huai)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占地(di)少(shao)。一(yi)般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內(nei)，溝道，隧道中，線間絕緣距(ju)離小，不用桿塔(ta)，占地(di)少(shao)，基本(ben)不占地(di)面上空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件和周圍環境影響(xiang)小(xiao)，傳輸性能穩(wen)定(ding)，可靠性高。

3具有向超高壓，大容量發(fa)展的更為有利的條件，如低溫(wen)，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢語(yu)拼音第一個字母的大寫(xie)表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導(dao)體材料、內護(hu)層材料和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層構(gou)成，有(you)二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)被層。第(di)一位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第(di)二位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲(si)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型(xing)號按(an)電纜結(jie)構的排列(lie)一般依次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層；外(wai)護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額定電壓(ya)和(he)規格表(biao)示。其方法是(shi)在(zai)型號后再加上說明額定電壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標稱截面積(ji)的。

型(xing)號(hao)詳細說明(ming)

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通信電纜(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)YP——泡沫/實(shi)心皮(pi)聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞(rao)包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被(bei)層

53——單(dan)層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層(ceng)(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套電線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣安裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型(xing)連接線(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型(xing)軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套(tao)軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型