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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用于傳輸(shu)和(he)分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用于城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)(xian)路、工礦企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐漸增加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong)用以(yi)傳輸(shu)和(he)分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產(chan)品，包括(kuo)1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今(jin)已有百年

主要分類(lei)

分類(lei)：按電壓等級分

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已有百(bai)余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發明家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅棒(bang)上包(bao)繞黃麻并將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)穿入鐵管內，然后填(tian)充瀝(li)青(qing)混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設于紐(niu)約，開創了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)(de)(de)發明瀝(li)青(qing)浸漬(zi)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦與德(de)(de)(de)特福德(de)(de)(de)之間敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消除了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展(zhan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可分為(wei)中(zhong)、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)(yi)下）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)纜和直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜以油浸紙(zhi)作(zuo)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。其應(ying)用歷史最長(chang)。它(ta)安全可靠，使用壽命(ming)長(chang)，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差(cha)限制。自從開(kai)發出不滴(di)流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解(jie)決了(le)落差(cha)限制問題，使油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)纜得(de)以繼續廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑(su)料絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層為(wei)擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)料的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。常用的塑(su)料有(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制(zhi)造加工(gong)方便，重量輕，敷設安裝方便,不受敷設落差限(xian)制(zhi)。因此廣泛(fan)應用作中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取(qu)代(dai)粘性(xing)浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺(que)點是(shi)存在(zai)樹(shu)枝化擊穿現象(xiang)，這限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)它在(zai)更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為(wei)橡(xiang)膠加上各種(zhong)配合劑，經(jing)過充分混煉后擠(ji)包在導電(dian)線芯上，經(jing)過加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有(you)彈性，適合于移(yi)動頻繁、敷設彎(wan)曲半徑小的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天(tian)然膠-丁苯膠混合(he)物，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按(an)電壓(ya)等級分(fen)

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜：適用(yong)(yong)于固定敷設在(zai)交流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用(yong)(yong)。

2、中(zhong)低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：（一般指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜，聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜，交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜等。

3、高(gao)壓電纜：（一般為110KV及(ji)以(yi)上）：聚乙烯電纜和(he)交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜等。

4、超高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以上）。

基(ji)本結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基(ji)本結(jie)構由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四(si)部分組成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要(yao)部(bu)分。

2.絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)是將線(xian)芯(xin)與(yu)大地以(yi)及不同相的線(xian)芯(xin)間(jian)在電氣上(shang)彼此隔離(li)，保證電能輸送(song)，是電力電纜結構中(zhong)不可缺(que)少的組(zu)成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上(shang)的電力(li)電纜(lan)一般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和(he)絕緣屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)。

4.保護層(ceng)的作(zuo)用是保護電力電纜免受外界雜質和水(shui)分(fen)的侵入(ru)，以及防止外力直接(jie)損(sun)壞電力電纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設(she)于土壤中或敷設(she)于室內，溝(gou)道，隧道中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小(xiao)，不用桿塔，占(zhan)地(di)少(shao)，基本(ben)不占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高。受氣候(hou)條件(jian)和周(zhou)圍環(huan)境影響小，傳輸(shu)性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量(liang)發展(zhan)的(de)更(geng)為(wei)有利的(de)條件(jian)，如(ru)低溫，超導電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號(hao)說明

電力電纜的型號

1.用(yong)漢(han)語(yu)拼音第一個字母的大(da)寫表(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特(te)點。如(ru)用(yong)Z代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)紙(zhi)（zhi）；L代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)耐火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外護層構成，有二位(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)(shu)字代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)無(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)外被層。第一位(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第二位(wei)(wei)數(shu)(shu)字表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)外被，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖(xian)維外被表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結(jie)構的排列(lie)一般依(yi)次序為：絕(jue)緣材(cai)(cai)料；導體材(cai)(cai)料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型號、額(e)定電壓和規格表示。其(qi)方法是在(zai)型號后再加上說明額(e)定電壓、芯數(shu)和標(biao)稱截(jie)面(mian)積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市(shi)內通信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯(xi)烴絕(jue)(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶粘接(jie)屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護套S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶屏蔽(bi)聚乙烯護套      V——聚氯乙烯護套

（4）特征：T——石油(you)膏(gao)填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶(dai)繞包銷(xiao)裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)(ceng)

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包(bao)鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

553——雙(shuang)層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)(xian)；BLV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣平型連接(jie)線(xian)(xian)軟線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣軟電線；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)護套(tao)軟線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套軟線(xian)

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低(di)煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)(xing)