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電力(li)電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用(yong)于傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常用(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出(chu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內部(bu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比(bi)重正(zheng)逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)分(fen)配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產(chan)品，包括(kuo)1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已有百年

主要(yao)分類

分類：按(an)電(dian)壓(ya)等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用至今(jin)已有(you)百余(yu)年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒(bang)上包繞(rao)黃(huang)麻并將其穿入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設于紐約，開(kai)創了(le)地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人卡倫德(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝(li)青浸(jin)漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費(fei)蘭梯在倫敦與德(de)特(te)福(fu)德(de)之間敷設了(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來(lai)越廣的(de)應(ying)用。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷設成(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施(shi)泰特(te)研制成(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除了(le)絕緣表(biao)面的(de)正切應(ying)力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設了(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了(le)超高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)用。到80年(nian)代(dai)已制成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)中、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏及(ji)以下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏以上(shang))、超高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏）以及(ji)特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上(shang)）。此外，還可(ke)按電(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為(wei)交流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電力電纜(lan)以油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電力電纜(lan)。其應用歷史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全可(ke)靠，使用壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要(yao)缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)。自(zi)從開發出不(bu)滴流浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解(jie)決了落差限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)問題，使油(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜 　絕緣層(ceng)為擠壓塑料的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。常用的(de)(de)塑料有聚氯乙(yi)烯、聚乙(yi)烯、交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯。塑料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方便，重量(liang)輕，敷設安(an)裝方便,不受敷設落差限制(zhi)。因此(ci)廣泛應用作中低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)趨勢。其最大(da)缺(que)點是存在樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象，這(zhe)限制(zhi)了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)使用。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)為橡膠加上各(ge)種配合劑(ji)，經過充分混(hun)煉后擠包在導電線芯上，經過加溫硫化而成(cheng)。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性(xing)，適(shi)合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設彎曲半徑(jing)小的場合。

常用作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙(yi)丙(bing)膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓(ya)電纜：適用于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電壓(ya)3kv及以下的輸(shu)配電線路上作輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)，交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等(deng)。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本(ben)結構(gou)：電力電纜的(de)基本(ben)結構(gou)由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保(bao)護層四部分(fen)組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的導電(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的主要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線(xian)芯與大地以(yi)及不同相的(de)線(xian)芯間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)中不可缺少(shao)的(de)組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一(yi)般都有導體屏蔽(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層的(de)作(zuo)用是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界(jie)雜質(zhi)和水(shui)分的(de)侵(qin)入(ru)，以(yi)及防止外(wai)力直接損(sun)壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少。一(yi)般埋設(she)(she)于土壤中或(huo)敷設(she)(she)于室內(nei)，溝(gou)道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間(jian)絕緣(yuan)距(ju)離(li)小，不用桿塔，占地少，基本不占地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高(gao)。受氣候條件和周圍環境(jing)影(ying)響(xiang)小(xiao)，傳輸(shu)性能(neng)穩(wen)定，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有向超(chao)高壓(ya)，大(da)容量發展的更為有利的條件，如低(di)溫，超(chao)導電力電纜(lan)等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數字(zi)表示(shi)外護(hu)層構成(cheng)，有二位數字(zi)。無(wu)(wu)數字(zi)代表無(wu)(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)(wu)外被層。第一位數字(zi)表示(shi)鎧裝(zhuang)，第二位數字(zi)表示(shi)外被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)纖維(wei)外被表示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排列一般依(yi)次序(xu)為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內(nei)護層；外(wai)護層。

4.電纜產(chan)品用型號、額(e)定(ding)電壓和(he)規格表(biao)示。其方法是在型號后再(zai)加上說明額(e)定(ding)電壓、芯數和(he)標稱截(jie)面積的(de)。

型號(hao)詳(xiang)細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通信電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局用(yong)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)YF——泡沫聚烯烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)YP——泡沫/實心皮聚烯烴(jing)絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油(you)膏填充G——高頻隔(ge)離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼(gang)帶(dai)繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)護套(tao)電(dian)線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)(xi)護套(tao)電(dian)線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)

3）WD：無(wu)鹵低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐火型DH：防(fang)火型